Лекция: Which Is Best
Two men with their sons in college were talking things over. “My boy is certainly getting smart in the language”, boasted one, “his letters always send me to the dictionary”.
“You are lucky”, growled the other, “my boy’s letters always send me to the bank”.
УРОК 6
Грамматика: 1. Герундий.
2. Причастие II.
3. Страдательный залог.
4. Инфинитив.
Текст: Drilling
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
— discovering, hung, jumping, other, countryside, under, gusher, uppermost, mud, flush,
cuttings, thus, unimportant
— heavy, credit, empty, method, prevent, effective, instead
— called, board, born, water, overall
— early, earth, third, circulate, turbo-drilling, turbine, surface, turn
— through, tool, remove, fluid, blew, moving,
— tube, spew, introduce, reducing
— underground, around, doubt, encountered
— framework, raised, ancient, cable, casing, caving, wasted, formation, penetrated,
obtain, bailer
— only, over, hole, lower, notably, blow, flow, rotary, motor
— pipe, describe, brine, provide, high-grade
— machinery, mentioned, ancient, traditionally, Russia, Russian, commercial,
essentially, pressure, stationary, penetration, efficiency, application
— century, Chinese, attach
2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
machinery, derrick, technique ,
commercial, essentially, suspended
, progressively, diameter
, prevent, effective ,
progress, encountered, pressure
, quantities, spectacular ,
serious, continuously, surface ,
annular, column, stationary ,
efficiency .
3. Запомните произношение следующих слов:
Titusville, Pennsylvania ,
Ontario, Canada, Chinese
4. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
rock — (горная) порода
framework — аркас
derrick — буровая вышка
tap — вскрывать (пласт)
stratum (strata) — пласт, слой (пласты, слои)
brine — соленая вода
bit — долото
commercial — промышленный
cable-tool method — канатно-ударный метод бурения
blow — удар
attach — прикреплять
drill stem — ударная штанга (в ударном бурении), бурильная колонна (во
вращательном бурении)
length — длина; отрезок (трубы)
suspend — подвешивать
wire — проволока
rope — веревка; канат
bottom — забой скважины; дно; низ, нижняя часть
cuttings — обломки выбуренной породы; шлам
bailer — желонка
tube — труба; syn. pipe
valve — клапан; вентиль, задвижка
casing — обсадные трубы; крепление обсадными трубами
caving — обрушение породы, обвал
flow — поток, течение
shallow — неглубокий; ant. deep
means — средство, способ
by means of — посредством, при помощи
stem — останавливать, задерживать
encounter — (неожиданно) встречаться, сталкиваться
blow out — выброс
spew — извергать
quantities — большое количество, множество, изобилие
gusher — фонтан, мощный фонтан
spectacular — эффектный, захватывающий
waste — попусту тратить, расточать
hazard — риск, опасность
rotary method — вращательный метод бурения
turn of the century — начало века (столетия)
string — колонна труб
rotary table — ротор
kelly — рабочая труба
drilling fluid (mud) — буровой раствор, буровая жидкость
hollow — полый, пустой
surface — поверхность
annular space — кольцевое, затрубное пространство
flush — промывать, вымывать
column — колонна
formation — формация; пласт
penetrate — проникать, проходить
turbo-drilling — турбинное бурение
stationary — неподвижный
stream — поток
rate of penetration — механическая скорость бурения
conventional — общепринятый, традиционный, обычный
wear out — изнашиваться; износ
overall — общий
high-grade — высокосортный, высококачественный
obtain — получать, доставлять, приобретать
rapid — быстрый, скорый; (syn. quick, fast)
5. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:
1) ways of discovering 1) самая верхняя труба
2) steel framework 2) вместо того, чтобы двигаться вверх и вниз
3) the third century A.D. 3) за исключением
4) spring board 4) приводимый в действие
5) cable tool method 5) неглубокие скважины
6) essentially 6) хотя
7) except for 7) способы обнаружения
8) to keep back 8) быстрый износ долота
9) shallow wells 9) стальной каркас
10) were a serious fire hazard 10) удержать (задержать)
11) instead of moving up and down 11) третий век н.э.
12) the uppermost pipe 12) по существу
13) powered by 13) трамплин
14) although 14) представляли серьезную опасность пожара
15) rapid bit wear 15) канатно-ударный метод бурения
6. Подберите к глаголам из списка А соответствующие существительные из списка Б. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
А Б
1) to make 1) the cuttings
2) to pull out 2) a lot of oil and gas
3) to remove 3) some application
4) to keep back 4) a deep hole
5) to waste 5) water flow
6) to be 6) the kelly
7) to turn 7) the risk of blow out
8) to reduce 8) the bit
9) to have 9) a serious fire hazard
7. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:
ways of discovering, underground oil, the only way, steel framework, is raised and lowered, goes far back into history, as early as the 3rd century A.D., a heavy bit, as to, the first commercial oil well, repeated blows, except for, from time to time, in such cases, over the countryside, at the turn of the century, instead of moving up and down, by means of, the uppermost pipe, with this method, so that, rapid bit wear.
8. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответ-
ствующих слов в русском языке:
machinery, the technique of well drilling, the petroleum industry, traditionally, a Russian engineer, the first commercial oil well, cable tool method, effective for shallow wells, progress was slow, the flow of oil and gas, a serious fire hazard, is circulated down, the risk of blow out, a variant of rotary drilling, turbo-drilling, fluid motor or turbine, overall efficiency.
9. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и
переведите их на русский язык:
history — historic — historical — historian; tradition — traditional — traditionally; consider -
considerable — consideration; drill — drilling — driller; note — notable — notably; commerce -
commercial — commercially — commercialize — commercialism; essence — essential — essentially;
attach — attachment; suspend — suspender — suspension; cut — cutter — cutting; progress -
progressive — progressively; spectacle — spectacular — spectator; rotate — rotation — rotational -
rotative — rotary — rotatory; introduce — introduction — introductory; continue — continuous -
continuously — continual — continually — continuance — continuation — continuity; penetrate -
penetration; apply — appliance — applicable — applicant — application.
10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов:
only — только little — мало
the only — единственный a little — немного
first — сначала few — мало
the first — первый a few — несколько
other — другой, иной
another- другой, еще один
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a borehole through the rock, earth and sand. 2. Only metals can be used over and over again. 3. Nowadays he was very busy and he saw few of his old friends. 4. Adeline had slept little last night and she had a headache. 5. I beg your pardon, but allow me to have my dinner first, for I am hungry. 6. The only Greek letters used to denote kinds of rays are alpha, beta, gamma, pi and mu. 7. There remain only five cases to be considered in this analytic study. 8. The first reaction from the financial community abroad to the measures taken by the British Government was cautiously favourable. 9. I’m afraid I have not much news to convey but still there are a few things I should like to add. 10. Aunt Florrie had a little money. 11. At the same time oil wells were being drilled in other places. 12. Would you like another cup of tea? 13. I made few friends in those days, for I was occupied with other things. 14. The houses on the other side of the river were built out of gray stone.
11. Найдите в следующих предложениях герундий, определите его функцию в предложении (подлежащее; часть сказуемого; дополнение; определение; обстоятельство).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. There are many ways of discovering underground oil. 2. The technique of well drilling goes far back into history. 3. The bit was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board. 4. There is some doubt as to which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well. 5. The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows. 6. After drilling a few feet, the bit was pulled out. 7. No means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas. 8. With rotary method, the bit, instead of moving up and down, is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table.
12. Найдите в следующих предложениях Причастие II. определите его функцию в
предложении (определение; обстоятельство; часть сказуемого). Переведите
предложения на русский язык.
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a deep hole, called a borehole, or a well, through the rock, earth and sand. 2. The steel framework over the well is called a derrick. 3. From this the machinery that drills the hole is raised and lowered. 4. The technique of well drilling is first mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts, which describe wells drilled as early as the 3rd century A.D. 5. The wells were drilled with a heavy bit, which was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board. 6. In Russia the first oil well was drilled in 1856 by a Russian engineer A.F. Semenov. 7. At around the same time oil wells were also being drilled in other places. 8. All these wells were drilled by the cable tool method. 9. The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows with a bit attached to a “drill stem”, a heavy length of steel suspended from a wire rope. 10. The hole was kept empty except for a little water at the bottom. 11. Steel pipes known as casing were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving. 12. No means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas when encountered under pressure. 13. The present-day method of drilling, known as the “rotary method”, was invented at around the turn of the century. 14. With this method, the bit is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table. 15. “Drilling fluid” or “drilling mud” is continuously circulated down through the hollow drilling string, through the bit and back up to the surface through the annular space between drilling string and borehole wall. 16. The drilling fluid, by the weight of its column, holds the fluids under pressure in formations penetrated by the bit, thus greatly reducing the risk of blow out. 17. A variant of rotary drilling is known as “turbo-drilling”. 18. With this method the pipe is not rotated but is kept stationary, and the bit is rotated on bottom by means of a fluid motor or turbine powered by the mud stream.
13. Найдите в следующих предложениях инфинитив или инфинитивный оборот, определите его функцию в предложении (подлежащее; часть сказуемого; дополнение; определение; обстоятельство цели). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The only way to get underground oil is to make a deep hole through the rock, earth and sand. 2. Ancient Chinese manuscripts describe wells drilled as early as the 3rd century A.D. to tap underground strata for brine. 3. The petroleum industry is traditionally considered to have been born in 1859. 4. Steel pipes known as casing were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving and to keep back any water flow. 5. However, the method has some application where high-grade steel is difficult to obtain.
14. Определите функции Participle II и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The damaged parts were immediately examined and repaired by a specialist. 2. Installed, the wire may be used as a conductor. 3. The engine tested required further improvement. 4. When broadly used, the term “alloy” may include mixture of metals and not solid solutions. 5. The results obtained proved to be right. 6. The instruments get spoilt if left in the open air. 7. The amount of calculations carried out depends on the quality of the electronic computer used. 8. The gas mixture ignited quickly produces more force if first compressed.
15. Определите функции герундия и герундиального оборота и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Protecting the personnel against radioactive radiation holds an important place at the atomic power plant. 2. The first alloys were formed by mixing metals with other substances.
3. The engineer insisted on these reservoirs being used for holding aviation gasoline. 4. There were other ways of applying high voltage. 5. By working hard you can make up for the time lost. 6. The engineer insists on those devices being a new step in the development of technique. 7. The constructor informed us of establishing a new record of a non-stop flight. 8. His main occupation was washing reflectors with soapy water. 9. The turbulent flow of gases produces cooling. 10. There is no hope of our getting a complete analysis of measurement within 10 days.
16. Определите функции инфинитива в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский язык.
1. To build good roads is one of the most important tasks of our engineers. 2. Under such conditions dust can get into the interior. 3. To give the necessary output the plant needed new techniques. 4. The main purpose is to design modern equipment and establish new methods of operation. 5. When ionised the electrons do not remain free but attach themselves to neutral atoms to form negative ions. 6. To understand the action of batteries let us examine a very simple sort of cell. 7. We tried to minimize the old disadvantages. 8. In an effort to overcome these difficulties a great deal of experimental work has been carried out by the specialists. 9. So they have found a new type of tape possible to work with. 10. Attempts to design a steam turbine with a special form of the nozzle were made by numerous inventors.
17. Прочтите и переведите текст:
DRILLING
There are many ways of discovering the underground oil, but the only way to get it is to make a deep hole called a borehole, or a well, through the rock, earth and sand. The steel framework over the well is called a derrick. From this the machinery that drills the hole is raised and lowered.
The technique of well drilling goes far back into history. It is first mentioned in ancient Chinese manuscripts, which describe wells drilled as early as the third century A.D. to tap underground strata for brine. The wells were drilled with a heavy bit, which hung from a rope and was raised up and down by several of men jumping on a spring board.
The petroleum industry is traditionally considered to have been born in 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania where Drake drilled the first well. In Russia the first oil well was drilled in 1856 by a Russian engineer A.F. Semenov. At around the same time oil wells wre also being drilled in other places, notably at Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada and Wietze near Hanover, Germany and there is some doubt as to which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well. All these wells were drilled by the cable tool methods.
The cable tool system was essentially a method of making a hole by repeated blows with a bit attached to a “drill stem”, a heavy length of steel suspended from a wire rope. The hole was kept empty except for a little water at the bottom. After drilling a few feet, the bit was pulled out and the cutting removed with a “bailer”, an open tube with a valve at the bottom. Steel pipes known as casing, of progressively smaller diameter, were run from time to time to prevent the hole from caving and to keep back any water flow.
Cable tool drilling was cheap, simple and effective for shallow wells, but progress was slow and no means was provided for stemming the flow of oil and gas when encountered under pressure. In such cases the wells blew out and spewed quantities of oil and gas over the countryside. The “gushers” of these early days were spectacular but wasted a lot of oil and gas, and were a serious fire hazard.
The present-day method of drilling, known as the “rotary method” was introduced at around the turn of the century. With this method, the bit, instead of moving up and down, is attached to the bottom of a string of steel pipes and rotated by means of a rotary table which turns the uppermost pipe or “kelly”. “Drilling fluid” or “drilling mud” is continuously circulated down through the hollow drilling string, through the bit and back up to the surface through the annular space between drilling string and borehole wall. The drilling fluid flushes the cuttings out of the hole and, by the weight of its column, holds the fluids under pressure in formations penetrated by the bit, thus greatly reducing the risk of blowout.
A variant of rotary drilling is known as “turbo-drilling”. With this method the pipe is not
rotated but is kept stationary and the bit is rotated on bottom by means of a fluid motor or turbine powered by the mud stream. Although the rate of penetration of the bit can be faster with this method than with conventional rotary drilling the bit wears out much faster, so that the overall efficiency is lower. However, the method has some application where high-grade steel is difficult to obtain, and where rapid bit wear is unimportant.
18. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the only way to get the underground oil? 2. When is well drilling mentioned for the first time? 3. How were the wells drilled then? 4. Which country should be credited with having drilled the first commercial oil well? 5. What is the cable tool system? 6. What advantages and disadvantages of cable tool drilling do you know? 7. What’s the difference between cable tool drilling and rotary method of drilling? 8. What variant of rotary drilling do you know? 9. Where is turbo-drilling applied?
19. Перескажите текст “Drilling” по следующему плану:
1. The appearance and development of well drilling technique.
2. Cable tool method of drilling.
3. Rotary method of drilling.
4. Turbo-drilling.
20. Прослушайте текст:
Superdeep Drilling
Our drillers have completed the stage of sinking a superdeep well. The drilling of a superdeep drilling well is of tremendous scientific interest because the majority of problems that interest researches are still at the stage of hypothesis. It is very important to know the composition and physical state of interior spheres of the Earth, what physico-chemical transformations of matter are taking place there, or how these rocks move to cause the drift of continents and especially – the origin of the Earch.
Superdeep drilling is a very labour-consuming process. And all the more in arctic conditions. Each pipe coming to the drillers from the factory is subjected to electroscopic testing.
To reach the planned depth is a job so serious and so complex that the drillers must calculate literally every step. The geologists working on the superdeep well are using the latest methods of geological and geophysical research. They have obtained data which tend to change our concepts of the “lower storeys” of the Earth’s crust.
1. Запомните следующие синонимы:
oil (petroleum), underground (subsurface), discover (find), hole (bore-hole, well), raise (lift), drill (sink), tube (pipe).
2. Запомните следующие глаголы:
discover — открывать raise — поднимать
drill — бурить rotate — вращать
lower — опускать
3. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:
поверхность, порода, буровая вышка, долото, канат, вращать, поднимать, технология бурения, скорость проходки, канатно-ударное бурение, турбинное бурение, вращательное бурение.
4. Ознакомьтесь с терминами из текста:
superdeep — сверхглубокий cross-out — разрез
origin – происхождение rock sample — проба породы
sink — бурить deviate – отклоняться
hoist — поднимать electroscoping testing — электроскопические
исследования
5. Найдите утверждение, несоответствующие тексту:
1. The drilling of a superdeep well is of tremendous scientific interest.
2. It is very important to know the composition and physical state of interior spheres of the Earth.
3. Superdeep drilling is not a labour – consuming process.
4. Drillers must calculate every step.
5. The geologists working on the superdeep well are using the latest methods of geological and geophysical research.
21. Прослушайте и прочитайте диалог. Тренируйте диалог в парах, затем постарайтесь его воспроизвести.
Student: I am a petroleum engineer and I am interested in the construction of a subsurface
centrifugal pump.
Teacher: All right. You may put questions to me and I’ll try to answer them.
Student: Well, what can you say about the dimensions of such a pump?
Teacher: As far as I know, the cross-sectional dimensions of a motor are restricted by
the diameter of the casing string but the length of it is quite considerable.
Student: As far as can judge the speed of this motor must also be considerable.
Teacher: Yes, as it was mentioned in special literature the speed of subsurface pump
motors is about 3000 rpm.
Student: Well, if the length of a subsurface centrifugal pump is considerable (about 7
meters) then it is not convenient for transportation?
Teacher: Right you are, for transportation the motor and pump which are quite long are
placed on special racks keeping them fixed and protecting them from bending under
gravity.
Student: Thank you very much for the information you have given to me.
22. Английский юмор:
The professor, who was famous for being absent-minded, returned home and rang at the door.
The ring was answered by a new maid. The girl looked at him inquiringly.
“Um-ah- is Professor Thompson at home?” he asked, naming himself.
“No, sir,” the maid replied, “but he is expected any moment now.”
The professor turned away, the girl closed the door. Then the poor man sat down on the steps to wait for himself.
At the Top
— A telegram from George, dear.
— Well, did he pass the examination this time?
— No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those who failed.
Father: Aren’t you ashamed to be at the bottom in a class of twenty-eight boys?
Willie: Oh, that’s not so bad.
Father: What do you mean, not so bad?
Willie: Suppose there were fifty boys.
Урок 7
Грамматика: 1. Причастие I.
Текст: Oil and Gas Field Development
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
[ ] — gas, natural, dynamic
[ ] — pump, production, flooding, result, cut, number,
[ ] — problem, optimal, cost, porous.
[ ] — important, call, all, water, smaller, short
[ ] — work, surface, occur
[kw] — equipment, quarter
[k] — mechanical, located, injection
2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
development [ ], accordance [ ], geological [ ], hydrodynamic [
], occur [ ], mechanical [ ], pressure [ ], fluid [ ], various [ ], maintain [ ], injection [ ], artificial [ ].
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
oil (gas) field [ ] — нефтяное (газовое) месторождение
development [ ] — разработка, развитие
consist [ ] in — заключаться в
in accordance [ ] with — в соответствии с
condition [ ] — условие, состояние
project [ ] — проект, план
well [ ] — скважина
datum (pi data) [ ] — данные
obtain [ ] — получать, добывать
exploratory [ ] drilling — разведочное бурение
exploitation [ ] — эксплуатация
spacing [ ] — размещение (скважин)
production [ ] well — эксплутационная скважина
interrelated [ ] — взаимосвязанный
occur [ ] — происходить, случаться
flow (n) [ ] — фильтрация, течение
porous [ ] — пористый
stratum (p1 strata) [ ] — пласт (пласты)
lift — подъем
surface [ ] — поверхность
flowing well — фонтанирующая скважина
fluid (n) [ ] — жидкость
formational pressure — пластовое давление
directly (adv) [ ] — прямо
by means of — с помощью
air-gas lift — - эр (газ) лифт
subsurface [ ] — подземный
pump [ ] — насос
inject (v) [ ] — нагнетать, закачивать
injection — закачка
compressed gas — сжатый газ
maintain [ ] — поддерживать, сохранять
ensure [ ] — обеспечивать, гарантировать
rate of production [ ] — дебит, темпы отбора
injection well — нагнетательная скважина
water flooding [ ] — водозаводнение
edge water [ ] — краевая вода
large scale [ ] — широкий (большой) масштаб
artificial [ ] — искусственный
cut (n) [ ] — снижение
expenditure [ ] — трата, расход
operate (v) [ ] — (зд.: разрабатывать)
area (n) [ ] — район, область
save (v) [ ] — экономить
due to — благодаря
reduction [ ] — снижение
cost [ ] — стоимость
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:
a complex work, to the surface, special development projects, based on, during exploratory drilling, consists in, optimal spacing, through porous rock, well exploitation, by the natural formational pressure, various engineering equipment, subsurface pumps, a compressed gas, water flooding, on a large scale due to the reduction of, the cost of.
5. Определите значение выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
oil and gas field, a complex work, special development, natural conditions, drilling and exploitation, important problems, optimal spacing, production wells, is dictated by ..., geological conditions, hydrodynamic and economicalcalculations, through porous rock, the methods of lifting, they can be classified into ..., two basic groups, mechanicalexploitation, a compressed gas, 70 percent, the given system, to increase the distance, the result of which, in a short period of time.
6. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:
develop — development, explore — exploratory, exploit — exploitation, dictate — dictator, geology — geological — geologist, calculate — calculator — calculation, occur — occurrence, pore — porous — porosity, mechanics — mechanical, vary — various, equip — equipment, directly, compress — compressor — compressed, press — pressure, maintain — maintenance.
7. Переведите на русский язык следующие прилагательные с суффиксом -al:
special, natural, optimal, geological, economical, mechanical, formational, artificial.
8. Определите значение слова development в контексте:
1. The Soviet economic development plans provide for the dynamic and balanced growth of social production, the speeding up of scientific and technical progress and so on. 2. The development of industries must meet the countries growing requirements in metals, energy, chemical products, timber and building materials. 3. Gas and oil were first discovered in the North Sea off Britain’s shores recently. But still coal has a role to play in the country’s energy policy based on the development of fossil fuels.
9. Запомните:
to consist of — состоять из ...
Many of the oil fields in California consist of not one but several individual oil pools»
to consist in — заключаться в ...
Now the task consist in choosing a proper prospecting method»
9. Participle I (Причастие I) образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ing к основе глагола. Помните, что в предложении Participle I может выполнять две синтаксический функции:
а) определение
левое правое (на русский язык обычно переводится причастием на
-щий, -щая, -щее, -щие)
the boiling water the teacher training students
corresponding units the pipes connecting the oil tanks
a moving body the engineer testing these devices
a reading man
б) обстоятельство (варианты перевода):
1. при + отглагольное существительное
2. деепричастия на –ая, -яя,
3. когда… (придаточное предложение)
Working with the substance …
Reading an English text…
When developing an old field …
They usually filter water using hand filters.
Participle I выполняет также грамматическую функцию: входит в состав с составного сказуемого во временах группы Continuous:
1. Не is working in the laboratory.
2. They were discussing a very difficult problem.
3. Students will be working here from 9 till 12 o’clock in the morning.
15. Переведите предложения на русский язык, учитывая функции Participle I..
1. Working with the substance, the experimentor always adds some water to it. 2. The problems facing our laboratory this year are very important for our industry. 3. Carbon combines with oxygen, forming carbon dioxide. 4. The man, lecturing in Room 312 is a professor of our department. 5. Reading technical texts research workers pay attention to new information. 6. The students are experimenting with new substances. 7. The seminar beginning today ends in three day. 8. The Dean is opening the meeting. 9. The water flowing from springs and streams makes rivers or lakes. 10. The students are completing there work. 11. The students completing their second year to the institute go for their professional training to different plants and oil fields.
11. Participle II (Причастиe II) образуется от III формы нестандартных глаголов. Для стандартных глаголов признаком Причастия II является суффикс –ed, в предложении может выполнять две синтаксические функции:
а) определение
левое правое
(переводится (переводится причастным
причастием определительным оборотом)
на -мый,-ный,-тый)
the connected tubes the new device made at our planet
a writing letter the mixture divided by the experimentor
the given facts the letter writing by me
the developed theory
б) обстоятельство (обычно занимает нулевую позицию)
When asked to read the text, Pete did it well.
Watched from the Earth, Mars looks like a red ball.
Heated at 800C, the mixture melted.
Причастие II выполняет две важные грамматические функции, а именно:
а) образует сказуемое во всех временах группы Perfect по формуле to have + Participle II
The engineer has brought the drawings to the shop.
I have not seen you since October.
We had finished the work 6 o'clock.
б) образует сказуемое в страдательном залоге с одной из форм вспомогательного глагола to be по формуле: to be + Participle II
The new method is studied by our group.
He was met by us at the station.
The star is seen only in the mornings.
Such pipes will be made by our plant only.
Будьте особенно внимательны при переводе глаголов с суффиксом –ed, т.к. они могут быть сказуемым в форме простого прошедшего времени, а также Причастием II в функции определения.
Сравните:
1. The divided portions of the mixture were put in separate test tubes.
2. The mixture divided by the experimentor was heated in separate tubes.
3. The assistant divided the magnet into the separate pieces.
4. The data obtained helped to study the new substance.
TEXT 7