Лекция: HOG MANAGEMENT 1 страница

HOG MANAGEMENT

Hog breeding is known to be a very important branch of animal husbandry.

Hogs are bred for the production of bacon and pork. Best pork breeds of pigs produce pork at 4 to 5 months and bacon breeds at 6 to 7.5 months. Unlike the other farm animals hogs are rapid-growing ones.

Hogs mау be kept under the outdoor system, that is, on pasture, under the indoor system, that is, in pigsties or a combination of both. The hogbreeders consider the last system to be the most ef­fective one.

The best place for keeping the pregnant sow or gilt is a pas­ture lot provided with a shelter to protect her from unfavourable weather. Every hogman knows exercise to be very important for sows. Locating the feed and water supply some distance from the shelter will make her take more exercise.

Feed pregnant sows properly, for sows in thin condition will produce weak litters. Several days before farrowing the pregnant sow should be put in the farrowing pen. Some farmers are known to place sows in the farrowing pen just before farrowing in order not to restrict her exercise.

It is known that the sow and her litter are usually kept in-doors, where it is easier to provide the necessary care.

Hogbreeders want their sows to be healthy and prolific. Proli­ficacy and early maturity are highly important biological characters of hogs. If a sow is prolific and a good mother, she may be kept for breeding up to 5 years or longer.

The gestation period in sows lasting about 16 weeks, the sow may farrow twice a year. Weaning usually takes place 7 or 8 weeks after farrowing.

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During the suckling period young pigs suck the same teat until they are weaned. That is why the smallest and the weakest pig in the litter should be put at birth to the gland that secretes most milk.

As to the selection of the boar it is not less important than that of the sow. The boar should be managed so that he always be in thrifty condition. Neither an over-fat boar nor a half-starved one is a satisfactory sire. Two weeks before the breeding season and during it the boar should be fed enough grain in addition to pasture to keep him in good breeding con­dition but not enough to make him fat. Grains may be fed either whole or ground. That the boar needs plenty of exercise is known to every breeder. Young boars in their first season of service are mated to a maximum of about five females a week and 20 or 30in the season, depending on the vigour, temperament, and other factors. Boars should not be used for breeding until they are about 10 months old. Young boars should be used as sparingly as possible, for excessive use may be the cause of small and weak litters.

Пояснения к тексту

1. under… system (conditions)- при… системе, в… условиях

2. Pregnant sow — супоросная свинья

3. Thin condition — истощенное состояние

4. Farrowing pen — клеть (закута) для опороса

5. Suckling period — подсосный период

6. Half-starved — полуистощенный

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Запомните

That is— то есть

Sо that — так, чтобы

That is why — вот почему; поэтому

Neither… nor — ни… ни

Активные слова и выражения

sow, a pregnant sow, boar, to farrow, farrowing pen, litter, prolific, service, female, suckling period, to grind (ground), weak, teat, that, that is, sо that, that is why, neither… nor, prolificacy, early maturity

IV. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.
1. Shelter a. are kept for breeding for 5 years and more.

2. Pregnant sows b. are first used at the age of 10 months.

3. Prolific sows c. is shorter than in other farm animals.

4. The gestation period in sows d. should be provided on pasture.

5. Young boars e. may be the result of the excessive use of

young boars.

6. Small, weak litters f. should take much exercise.

V. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:
prolific litters, farrowing pens, suckling period, boar, pigsties

1. In winter sows and their… are kept in…. 2. Pregnant sows are put into…… some days before farrowing. 3. During the breeding season the… should be given some grain. 4. Un­like the other farm animals sows are highly…. 5. The…… in sows lasts about two months.

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VI. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на сложное дополнение.

1. The farmer wants you to see his new pigsty. 2. We know corn to grow well in that region. 3. They expect this sow to produce a large litter. 4. We know cattle to be classified into dairy cattle and beef cattle. 5. They have found this method of fat­tening to be most effective. 6. The farmers want the zoo technician to see their animals.

VII. Определите функцию инфинитива; переведите.

1. To produce a large litter a gilt should not be bred until she is 9 months old. 2. The sow is known to be placed in a far­rowing pen two weeks before she is to farrow. 3. To keep hogs on pasture is very important. 4. The sow to farrow should be washed thoroughly. 5. The quantity of grain to be fed to the boars varies with his condition. 6. Our first task is to increase the agricultural production. 7. The farmer wants his pigsty to be cleaned to-day.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на различные значения слова «that».

1. The sow that is in thin condition will produce a small, weak litter. That is why the breeders should feed and care for the sows properly. 2. We know that he is a good veterinarian. 3. Their breed of boars is better than that of sows. 4. That experiment was conducted at our Experimental Station. 5. That the pigsties should be clean, dry and warm is known to all hog-men. 6. The zoo technicians must maintain sanitary conditions in pigsties so that the animals grow and develop properly. 7. We need a highly prolific sow, that is, a sow that will produce 12 or more pigs in a litter.

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IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на парные союзы.

1. Prolificacy varies with both the breed of the sow and her age. 2. Neither a cowshed nor a pigsty were cleaned yesterday. 3. This pregnant sow will be examined by the veterinarian either today or tomorrow. 4. The more exercise the boar takes the more vigorous he will be during the breeding season. 5. Exercise for the boar is as important as for the sow. 6. The milk yield this month is not so high as it was last month.

X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What are hogs kept for?

2. What systems of keeping hogs do you know?

3. How can we make sows take more exercise?

4. Where should the sow be placed some days before farrowing?

5. Why is it better to keep the sow and her litter indoors?

6. For how many years may a prolific sow be kept for breeding?

7. What gland should the weakest pig be put to at birth?

8. How should the boar be fed before and during the breeding season?

9. When should young boars be used for the first time?

XI. Переведите на английский язык.

а) свиноводство, свиновод, свиноматка, супоросная свинья, хряк, опорос, закута для опороса, помет, плодовитая свинья,
подсосный период, случка, ни… ни, то есть, вот почему

б) 1. Мы хотим, чтобы свиноматки давали большие пометы.

2. Плодовитые свиньи используются для разведения пять или более лет. 3. Супоросных свиней содержат на пастбище. 4. В отличие от коров, свиноматки очень плодовиты.

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в) I. Свиньи сального типа, как известно, менее плодовиты, чем свиньи беконного типа. 2. Свиноводы знают, что содержание свиней даже на хороших пастбищах не обеспечивает их потреб­ности в питательных веществах 3. Поэтому животных подкармли­вают или концентрированными кормами, или силосом. 4. В подсос­ный период поросята быстро растут, при условии, если им дают все необходимые питательные и минеральные вещества. 5. Ка­чество свинины изменяется в зависимости от возраста, породных особенностей животных, а также от вида корма.

XII. Прочтите текст и изложите кратко его содержание по-русски (по-английски).

Fattening Hogs

Unlike the other farm animals hogs grow and develop ra­pidly, provided they are fed and managed properly. Hogs may be fattened in less than 6 months. That is why during one year one may fatten two generations of hogs.

The ration of hogs usually consists of concentrated feeds with small amounts of roughage. Roughages are high in fibre that is poorly digestible. Pasture is very important for hogs. Hogs being on good pasture, less grain and other feeds are re­quired to fatten them. Corn is widely used as a fattening feed throughout the United States. Wheat, good-quality barley, sorghum or rye is fed to hogs as well. Corm may not be ground for hogs, other grains are usually ground coarsely.

Like other livestock hogs should have salt and water at all time. Certain antibiotics are used for fattening hogs. They are known to increase the rate of gain as much as 30 per cent or more during the period from weaning to 75 Ib.* in weight.

*lb. — pound

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LESSON 13

ТЕМА: CARE OF PIGS

ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

1. Оборот «for + существительное
+ инфинитив», § 18

2. due; due to; to be due to

I. Слова и выражения для повторения.

to eat, age, corn, oats, pen, live weight, to require, balanced ration, provided, nutritious, alfalfa, clover, grazing, forage, to clean, udder, to allow, to develop, health

II. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов:

sanitation, parasite, symptom, cultivation, operation, bacteria, limit, continental, practical, technical, export

III. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие оборот «for+ существительное + инфинитив». Запомните, что в таком обороте предлог «for» имеет значение «чтобы».

1. For the sow to be healthy she should be fed and cared for properly. 2. We have the necessary conditions for the animals to grow rapidly. 3. For the boar to be in thrifty condition he should be given enough grain in his rations. 4. For the weakest pig to develop normally it should be put to the teat that secretes most milk.

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care of pigs

The first week of a pig's life is known to be especially critical. During this period due temperature, ventilation and sanitation in the pen are most important. Sometimes it is advisable to put newborn pigs in a warm place and bring them to their mother every two hours. In four or six hours they may be left with their mother.

Young pigs begin eating solid food at the age of 3 to 4 weeks. At this age they are known to be fed a thin slop of milk, wheat middlings and oatmeal. As they get older they may be fed soaked shelled corn. The feed is usually given to them in a separate enclosure known as a creep. Due to the creep feeding little pigs may be fed the best feed.

Weaning pigs is usually done at 6 or 8 weeks of age. The best practice is to remove the sow from the pen, leaving the piglings in familiar surroundings. During the period of weaning the ration should be palatable and nutritious. More than 600 pounds of a balanced ration is required in feeding a pig from its weaning until it has a live weight of about 200 pounds.

Some hogmen are known to raise pigs entirely on grain. For such pigs to develop normally a mineral supplement should be provided. The mixture that is generally satisfactory includes equal parts of steamed bone meal, ground limestone and common salt.

Young pigs require more iron and copper than is supplied in the sow's milk. That is why they eat some turf and soil.

Pigs on good pasture require 10 to 15 per cent less feed than those raised without pasture. Pigs being kept on pasture, one of the main tasks of the hogbreeder is to prevent diseases and parasites.

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This is achieved best of all by using portable houses and by dividing the pasture into many plots. Provided that portable houses and temporary fences are used, the grazing should be large enough to provide forage for two or three weeks. Then the pigs are moved to a new plot. Thus, the rotational gra­zing is known to be one of the best ways to prevent diseases and control parasites.

For pigs to develop normally due conditions in the piggery should be provided. The bedding ought to be short not to irrita­te the udder of the sow and to allow the pigs to move freely. To prevent infection the piggery should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

Rapid growth of pigs is due to both the proper feeding and the sanitary conditions in the piggery.

Пояснения к тексту

1. a thin slop of… -жидкая кашица из...

2. steamed hone meal — выпаренная костяная мука

3. provided that — при условии, если

Запомните:

due — должный, соответствующий

due to — благодаря, из-за, вследствие

to be due to-обусловливаться, объясняться

Активные слова и выражения

enclosure, creep, disease, fence, to move, to control, piggery, palatable, due, due to, to be due to

IV. Составьте предложения, соединяя подходящие по смыслу части.

1. When pigs are on pasture a. is given to pigs raised on grain.

2. Rotational grazing b. of removing the sow from the pigs.

3. A mineral supplement c. is to be short.

4. Weaning is the process d. is good to control parasi­tes.

5. During weaning e. less feed is required,

6. The bedding in the piggery f. for young pigs.

7. Creeps are organized g. pigs should be fed palatable

and nutritious feeds.

V. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами:

а piggery, newborn pigs, a creep, diseases, due to, palatable

1. Only mother's milk is needed to … …. 2. The temperature in… should be 18ºC. 5. The feed of newly weaned pigs is to be both… and nutritious. 4. Our main aim is to control… and parasites. 5. All young animals are usually fed in…. 6. Weak pigs have become vigorous… …proper care and feeding.

VI. В приведенных примерах имеются два типа инфинитивных оборотов, близких по смыслу. Определите их; переведите предложения.

1. Tо develop well pigs should be fed properly. 2. For pigs to develop well they should be fed properly. 3. To make the sow take more exercise place the feed some distance from the shelter. 4. We must place the feed some distance from the shelter for the sow to take more exercise. 5. For the boar to be in thrifty con­dition due feeding and much exercise are to bе provided. 6. To be in thrifty condition the boar is to take much exercise.

VII. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова.

1. The milk yields have been increased due to feeding nutritious feeds. 2. The increase in the milk yields was due to feeding nutritious feeds. 3. Corn is widely used for fattening hogs due to its high feeding value and palatability. 4. Due attention should be paid to the sanitary conditions in the piggery.

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VIII. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Which period in a pig’s life is most critical?

2. At what age do young pigs begin to eat solid food?

3. How is weaning done?

4. What is it necessary to provide pigs with when they are
raised on grain?

5. When do pigs require less feed?

6. What is the best way of controlling diseases and parasites?

7. What conditions should be provided in a piggery?

IX. Переведите на английский язык.

а) болезнь, временная изгородь, предупреждать болезнь, бороться с болезнью, свинарник, загороженное место, столовая, соответствующий, вкусный корм, благодаря

б) I. Маленьких поросят кормят в столовой. 2. Благодаря такому
кормлению они растут и развиваются хорошо. 3. Эта свиноматка
даст хороший помет. 4. Чтобы этот хряк был хорошим производителем в следующем сезоне, соответствующий уход и кормление должны быть обеспечены для него.

в) I. Значение свиноводства для увеличения производства мяса обусловливается биологическими особенностями свиней. 2. Бла­годаря высокой плодовитости и скороспелости свиней, можно по­лучать двадцать и более центнеров свинины от каждой свиноматки. 3. В отличие от говядины, в свинине содержится меньше воды и боль­ше жира. 4. Чтобы свиноводы получали быстрые привесы, они должны кормить поросят только легко усвояемыми и вкусными кормами. 5. Чтобы прекратить лактацию, рацион свиноматки уменьшают на 25-30%, исключая из него сочные корма.

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X. Прочтите текст, найдите в нем описание свинарника.

Systems of Keeping Pigs

There are two main systems of keeping pigs, the indoor system and the outdoor one.

Pigs kept under the indoor system require more vitamins and minerals than those kept under the outdoor system.

For pigs to grow rapidly due conditions in a piggery should be provided. The temperature should be not less than 16-21*C°. The humidity** should not be higher than 70%. The floor*** of the piggery should be warm. If it is not warm, it should be bedded.

When pigs are kept on pasture in summer they grow and develop well. Green grass is high in vitamins and minerals required by the animals. Pigs on pasture take plenty of exercise, which is very essential for their health. The best pasture grasses are alfalfa and clover. The animals should be given some concentrates, silage or root crops in addition to pasture, even if pastures are good. To make rapid gains pigs must be fed liberally from birth onwards. Their rations are to be properly balanced with protein, minerals and vitamins.

It is very important to control diseases and parasites when pigs are kept on pasture. This is done by rotational grazing.

*5ºC = five degrees Centigrade — 5 градусов по Цельсию

**humidity — влажность

*** floor — пол

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Повторение темы «HOGS»

I. Переведите следующий текст (без подготовки)

Sow

In selecting sows and boars for the breeding herd it is best to take individuals from large litters. By selecting sows and boars from stock that is known to be prolific, the farmer can maintain a productive breeding herd.

Pregnant sows should be kept in good condition but, not fat. Pasture grass that is rich in protein and essential minerals is ideal for pregnant sows. If good pasture is not available, grain or other protein-concentrated feed may be used to provide a balan­ced ration. A mineral supplement is often good for sows and pigs. Sows tending to fatten excessively, the hog raiser should feed them low — energy ration.

Sows are usually placed in farrowing pens a few days before the pigs are born. The farrowing pens should be clean, dry and well ventilated. If farrowing takes place in very cold weather the sows and pigs need additional care and protection. After the pigs are a day old the sow needs a small amount of feed and plenty of water. The feeding should be increased gradually for several days until the sow is on full feed.

II. Прочтите текст и ответьте по-английски (по-русски) на следующие вопросы:

a) How can less fat pigs be produced?

b) Why is it important to add antibiotics to hog feeds?

c) What is hogging off?
Raising Hogs

Good pigs managed and fed properly require less than 3 pounds of feed per pound of gain during the fattening period, and 4 to 5 pounds of feed will be used per pound of gain during the period just before marketing. Grains are mainly used in the ration.

To produce less fat pigs should be marketed at weights of 200 pounds or less. Breeds of pigs of bacon types should be used; low-energy rations should be fed during the 120-200 pound stage.

Hogs like root crops but these crops should not be used alone*. Better results are usually obtained by feeding small quantities of the root crops with grain and legume forage or by using alfalfa as the main feed.

Antibiotics are sometimes added to the feeds of hogs and other livestock to control harmful bacteria and other organisms that may interfere** with the growth of the animals. In this way more eco­nomical gains and better growth are obtained.

One economical way to harvest*** corn is to turn hogs into the field. This method of harvesting corn is known as «hogging off». Small fenced fields are best for this system. Temporary fences may be used to divide large fields into smaller areas so that the hogs may use them better. Soybeans planted with corn are a good source of protein.

III Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его.

The period from birth to 75 pounds in weight is the most critical one in the pig's life. That is why after weaning it is necessary to continue to feed the pigs a good balanced ration. Pigs should not be weaned until they are eight weeks of age. At weaning time they should weigh 35 to 40 pounds or more. For a few days before weaning the ration of the sow should be redu­ced to decrease her milk flow. Then the sow is taken away from the pen, the pigs being left in their familiar surroundings. The hog breeder should feed the pigs liberally to obtain rapid gains. Palatable and digestible feeds such as barley and corn grain, oats meal, clover or alfalfa grass must be supplied. Concentrated and other feeds should be ground. The quality of grinding should be carefully tested*, as fine grinding increases the digestibility of feed.

*alone — один, одни

** interfere with — мешать, препятствовать

***harvest — убирать