Лекция: The Individual and Society
It is obvious that any textbook on land use planning begins by posing the question, «What is land use planning about?» It is not a difficult problem to give a simple answer to this basic question. Land use planning or land surveying is a process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way. It is essentially a study of the methods in which land use planners apply their knowledge, skills and efforts to the gifts of nature in order to satisfy their needs and wants.
Effective land use planning is impossible without land information. Such information includes land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and land use.
Even in the prosperous, economically advanced countries there is an aspect of survival. Land helps people to survive. That's why lands are very important resources for men.
Some people have the abilities to sustain life without outside assistance. But a large percentage of the human race of the third world still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities. These people experience great poverty, but they provide on an individual basis, for their own survival. They have a degree of economic independence.
The inhabitants of cities are totally incapable of providing for themselves, directly, the means of survival. Here we can observe the opposite situation — a high level of living together with an extreme economic dependence. Such people depend upon the efforts and cooperation of many thousands of specialist workers, among them land use planners. Land use planning is concerned with land cadastre, land relations, land improvement, agriculture, soil sciences, law, geodesy, geography, computer science, etc. To solve these problems land use planners must be not only qualified but profoundly educated specialists.
Exercise 4. Find synonyms among these words:
Skill, trucks, land use planning, make, a land surveyor, community, compel, society, automobiles, a land use planner, land surveying, level, knowledge, standard.
Exercise 5. Find antonyms among these words:
Capable, independence, possible, easy, directly, impossible, large, incapable, difficult, dependence, small, indirectly.
Exercise 6. Translate following word combinations into English:
Глубоко образованный специалист, большой процент, ставить вопрос, регулировать землеустройство, простой ответ, решать проблему, информация о земле, помощь извне, трудный вопрос, экономическая независимость, поддерживать жизнь, средство выживания, противоположная ситуация, для того, чтобы удовлетворить нужды.
Exercise 7. Translate following sentences into English:
1. Землеустройство — древняя наука. 2. Информация о земле включает землевладение, землепользование и потенциал земельных ресурсов. 3. Эффективное землеустройство невозможно без информации о земле. 4. Люди используют свои знания и навыки, чтобы удовлетворить свои нужды. 5. Даже в процветающих странах существует аспект выживания. 6. Землеустроитель может дать правильные ответы на многие вопросы.
Exercise 8. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:
1. Land use planning is a process… managing the use and development… land resources… a sustainable way. 2. Land helps people… survive. 3. Many textbooks begin… posing the basic question. 4. It is not a difficult problem… give a right answer… the main question. 5.… order… satisfy men's needs and wants people apply their knowledge… the gifts… nature.
Exercise 9. Make up the questions:
1. A land surveyor solves many problems. 2. The inhabitants decide problems of survival. 3. This information includes land ownership and land tenure. 4. Some people have the ability to sustain life without outside assistance. 5. A large percentage of the human race still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities.
Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets:
1. This textbook… by posing the basic question (to begin). 2. Effective land use planning… impossible without land information (to be). 3. Some people… knowledge and skills to satisfy their wants (to apply). 4. Land… people to solve different problems (to help). 5. Nature… men's needs and wants in many ways (to satisfy).
Exercise 11. Answer the following questions:
1. What do most textbooks on land use planning begin by?
2. Why do people apply their knowledge and skills?
3. What is effective land use planning impossible without?
4. Are lands very important resources for men?
5. How does a large percentage of the human race still live?
6. What does land information include?
7. Do we observe a high level of living in large cities?
8. Is it important to have economic independence?
Exercise 12.Retell the text.