Реферат: Тексты для чтения и лексический минимум по дисциплине Английский язык
--PAGE_BREAK--2. OFFICE EQUIPMENTОфисное
оборудование
air conditioning
кондиционер
personalcomputer(PC)
персональный компьютер
computersetup
компьютерная установка
desktopmodel
стационарная настольная модель
handheldmodel
переносная модель
portable/mobile
personalcomputer
переносной компьютер
Intercom
внутренний телефон или селекторная связь
switchboard
внутренний коммутатор
callingcentre
АТС для организации
telephone
телефон
answeringmachine
автоответчик
with digital memory
сцифровойпамятью
witherrorcorrection
с системой исправления ошибок
faxmachine
факсимильный аппарат
photocopier
копировальная машина
laserprinter
лазерный принтер
desklamp
настольная лампа
calculator
калькулятор
dictatingmachine
диктофон
documentshredder
уничтожитель документов
Typing
Выполнение машинописи
Typist
машинистка
shorthandtypist
стенографистка
typewriter
печатная машинка
manualtypewriter
механическая печатная машинка
electrictypewriter
электрическая печатная машинка
totype
печатать (на машинке)
wpm (words per minute)
словвминуту
totypeat40 wpm
печатать со скоростью 40 слов в минуту
tohavehighshorthand
показывать хорошие скорости
andtypingspeeds
стенографирования и печатания
ribbon
лента
ribboncassette
катушка с лентой
left/rightmarginstop
левый/правый полеограничитель
paperbailwithroller
планка для прижатия бумаги с роликами
platen
валик
paperreleaselever
рычаг освобождения бумаги
Keyboard
клавиатура; кнопочный номеронабиратель тел.
a new line
краснаястрока
Space
интервал
Margin
поле
Paragraph
абзац
punctuation marks
знакипрепинания
colon /: /
двоеточие
semicolon /; /
точкасзапятой
full stop (US: period) /. /
точка
comma /, /
запятая
hyphen / — /
дефис
dash / — /
тире
apostrophe /' /
апостроф
brackets / () /
скобки
inverted commas, or quotation marks / "..." /
кавычки
questionmark/? /
вопросительный знак
exclamationmark/! /
восклицательный знак
oblique/
наклонная черта
tick
"птичка"
cross/x/
«крестик»
asterisk / * /
"звездочка"
OFFICE ESSENTIALS
Most offices start with the basics: a telephone/fax machine combination, computer and a copying machine. A modern fax machine can be combined with a digital answering machine, telephone, digital memory, and error correction.
It is important that the computer suits the needs of the user. There are Internet machines (Net Stations') that do not have hard disks and are specifically for web browsing. Computers are usually bundled with the software from which you can choose what you need. A network laser printer is economical and efficient, as office workers from many workstations can print from the same machine.
The latest copiers have digital functions, colour capabilities, high quantity stacking capabilities.
Very often it is possible for every employee in an office to have a telephone extension at the desk. Workers can make direct calls from their own phones to anybody else in the office, through internal switchboard and telephone switching systems or calling centres. Calling centres have a great capacity, and can accommodate from hundreds to tens of hundreds of subscribers. It is possible to use voice mail to call a person if he or she is not available at the desk.
Another must in an office is a document shredder. Big offices generate lots of waste paper, and a shredder is particularly useful when there are checks, bank statements or other confidential materials to be shredded.
3.
COMPUTERS
IN ANOFFICE
Компьютеры
в
офисе
wordprocessor
текстовый редактор
filing
хранение информации
accountsdepartment
бухгалтерия
webbrowsing
навигация в сети
installacomputer
установить компьютер
systemadministrator
системный администратор
adaptation
адаптация
tailoredtospecificneeds
приспособленный под определенные потребности
programming
программирование
accurate informationnetwork
точная информация
networkserver
сеть(сетевой) сервер
workstation
рабочая станция
access to the files
password
доступ к файлам
пароль
wideareanetworks
широкомасштабная сеть
local area networks
audible signal
локальнаясеть
звуковойсигнал
transmission
передача
fraction
доля, часть
Computer-users, mini-vocabulary
Словарикпользователя
byte данных
байт
CD-ROM disk
дискCD-ROM
CD-ROM drive
дисководCD-ROM
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
центральныйпроцессор
cursor
курсор
data
данные
database
базаданных
file
файл
floppydisk
магнитный минидиск, дискета
floppydrive
дисковод для магнитных мини дисков
format
формат (данных) форматировать
hard disk, HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
жесткий диск, винчестер
hardware
аппаратная часть, устройство
inkjetprinter
струйный принтер
input
ввод
key
клавиша
keyboard
клавиатура
modem (modulator-demo-dulator)
модем
monitor
монитор
mouse
мышь
mousepad
коврик для мыши
output
вывод
programminglanguage
язык программирования
RAM (Random Access Memory)
оперативная память
Screen
экран
software
программное обеспечение, программа
texteditor
текстовый редактор
USING COMPUTERS
A computer really makes office life easier as it can do all sorts of different jobs. The same computer could be used, for example, as a word processor, for filing, printing, working out statistics for the accounts department, communicating with other offices, web browsing.
When a company decides to install a computer, it usually gets a system administrator to study the ways in which the machine might best be used. If the company is a large one, the system administrator may be a full-time employee, looking after the continuous improvement and adaptation of the computer system. The system administrator will recommend what kinds of program and computer equipment are required.
Many companies buy ready-written programs 'off the shelf, or buy programs that can be tailored to specific needs but are mostly standard. This reduces the cost of the system, for programming is very expensive and time-consuming. Once it is installed and running, a well-designed computer system can take over much of the routine work and at the same time provide accurate information about the business quickly and efficiently.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--
LOCAL AREA NETWORK FOR A SMALL COMPANY
Such network consists of a central computer, with a number of other computers, laser printers, and other machines, such as might be used in a modern office. Each computer that is linked to the network is referred to as a terminal or a workstation. The central computer is referred to as a network server. As each workstation has access to the files held on the hard disk system of the server, information held there can beobtained by any of the workstations, subject to the right password. Thus the accounts manager can obtain historical data about sales, for example, and use his workstation to produce his statistics.
Wide area networks link offices in different parts of the country or of the world by special communication lines. Wide area networks link the same kinds of machine as local area networks, but you may find a facsimile machine at each end of the long-distance link. The facsimile machine can scan any document or photograph and transmit a copy of it to the machine at the other end of the link.
It is possible to transmit information over the normal 'speech' telephone lines, using a device called a modem. The output of the computer is converted into an audible signal, and sent down the telephone lines. A modem at the other end translates the signal for the receiving computer. Because telephone lines are intended for speech, they are not ideal for data. The speed of transmission is only a fraction of what can be obtained using proper data lines, and the reliability is not as good. The advantage is its cheapness.
4.
STATIONERY
Канцелярские товары (принадлежности)
paper
бумага
sheetofpaper
лист бумаги
reamofpaper
стопа бумаги
plainpaper
обычная бумага
correspondencepaper
писчая бумага высшего качества
ruledpaper
линованная бумага
headed note-paper
фирменныйбланк
whatmanpaper
ватманская бумага
stock of notepaper
пачкабумаги
carbonpaper
копировальная бумага (копирка)
flimsypaper
папиросная (тонкая) бумага
shorthand pad
блокнот для стенографии
(Am.: stenopad)
envelope
конверт
correcting (correction) fluid
жидкостьдляисправленияошибок
archboardfile
скоросшиватель с пружинным зажимом
folder
палка для документов, корреспонденции
ringbinder
скоросшиватель (папка)
stapler (stapling machine)
скоросшиватель
staples
скобы металлические для скоросшивателя
paper clip / paper fastener
скрепка
drawing pin
канцелярскаякнопка
hole punch
дырокол
airmail sticker
наклейкадляавиапочты
adhesive tape
клейкаялента
adhesive tape dispenser
катушкасклейкойлентой
tear-offedge
кромка-лезвие для отрыва ленты
packingtapе
упаковочная лента
rubberbands
резинки (для скрепления чего-л.)
eraser, rubber
резинка (для стирания следовкарандаша с бумаги)
ruler
линейка
gluepot
пузырек с клеем
moistener
set of drawing instruments
губка
готовальня
pen
ручка
ball-point pen
шариковаяручка
felt tip pen
фломастер
fiber tip (marker) pen
маркер
pencil
карандаш
pencil sharpener
точилка
drawing pencil
чертежныйкарандаш
desk diary
дневник
deskset
настольный письменный прибор
pen-and-pencil tray
подставкадляручек
desk mat (blotter)
пресс-папье
telephone directory
телефонныйсправочник
wall calendar
настенныйкалендарь
pettycashbook
журнал регистрации мелких расходов
SPEAKING ABOUT STATIONERY
Here is the drawer for ball-point pens, rulers, drawing instruments, boxes of drawing pins and paper clips, small and large. There is a stapling machine and a hole punch, too. Here we have all types of storage (places to keep things). In that built-in closet there ought to be envelopes, headed notepaper, plain paper, stationery, glue-pots, adhesive tapes, packing tapes, rubber bands and erasers. This is a drawer for all sorts of files and here is another drawer for personal things. In the top drawer there are two telephone directories, one of them containing the employees' home phone numbers.
ORDERING STATIONARY
- Good morning. Is that the sales department?
- Yes. Miss Warner speaking.
- Good morning, Miss Warner. My name is Elsie Brown from BSD International. I'm ringing about our last order.
- Could you give me the delivery number, please.
- Yes, 3839.
Right. Here it is. Now, what can I do for you?
- Well, firstly, the pencil sharpeners we ordered didn't arrive.
- No. I'm afraid our suppliers didn't deliver any pencil sharp to us. I'll try to send them to you next week.
- The other thing is that we ordered large paper-clips, and you've sent small ones.
- I'm very sorry. We'll send you the correct ones this after noon and collect the ones you've got.
- Well, I'm afraid I can't sign the delivery note.
- Could you change it to what you actually received and then sign it?
— I'll do that.
- And I'll arrange for our accounts department to issue a credit note for the difference in price. They've probably already prepared the invoice from the delivery note.
- That's fine. I look forward to receiving the correct paper clips this afternoon.
- Sorry for all the trouble. We've got a new man working in the stock room.
- Well I hope it won't happen again. This is the second time this month that you've sent the wrong order.
PHRASES TO BE USED when buying or ordering something for your office (furniture, equipment, stationery):
We want… (say what and how much you want).
Нам нужно … (скажите, что и сколько вам нужно).
We would like / prefer to have ...
Нам бы хотелось /
Mbiбы предпочли приобрести...
How much does it cost?
Сколько
это
стоит
?
Is there a guarantee?
Имеется
ли
гарантия
?
Will we get a discount?
Можем ли мы иметь скидку?
How big will a discount be?
Какая скидка будет предоставлена?
Isitsimpletoinstall?
Это легко устанавливается?
Is it easily fitted and removed?
Легко ли это устанавливается и убирается?
Is it water repellent / stain resistant / washable?
Это водонепроницаемо /не пачкается /стирается?
How soon can you deliver it?
Когда вы сможете это доставить?
When can we have the invoice?
Когда мы можем получить счет-фактуру?
5.
ORIENTATION INSIDE AN OFFICE
Путеводитель
по
офису
onthegroundfloor
на первом (наземном) этаже
turnleft/right
повернуть налево / направо
go this way as far as the
идти в этом направлении до лифта
elevator (Am) /lift (GB)
лифт, подъемник
take the lift to the… floor
поднятьсялифтомна… этаж
next to the counter / entrance
следующийзастойкой/ входом
youcan'tmissit
вы легко его найдете (вы не сможете не заметить и пройти мимо)
upstairs/ downstairs
вниз (внизу) / вверх (вверху)
over there
вонтам
downthecorridor
дальше по коридору
opposite the lift
напротивлифта
in the middle of the lobby
вцентрезала
behind the central pillar
зацентральнойколонной
in front of
перед
canteen
столовая, буфет (на заводе, в учебном заведении и т.п.)
round the comer
зауглом
in the right / left wing
в правом / левом крыле
go straight on
идти прямо
takethesecondright/
второй поворот направо / первый
the first left
(поворот) налево
go down / up staircase
спускайтесь / поднимайтесь по
(
number
or
letter)
лестнице… (номер или буква)
out of the back of the buildine
из тыльной (задней) части здания
by door
черездверь
outside
снаружи
assemble
собираться
FINDING YOUR WAY ABOUT. GIVING DIRECTIONS
- Excuse me, I'm looking for the personnel department. Do you know where it is?
- I'm a stranger here myself, but I happen to know that it's on the second floor, in the left wing.
- Thank you very much.
- Excuse me, where is the store room?
- It's on the ground floor. At the end of the corridor turn left, room 27.
- Excuse me, what floor is the general manager's office on?
- Go this way as far as the elevator. Take it to the third floor. His office is next to the samples exhibition counter, on your right, you can't miss it.
- May I ask to help me?
- Sure. What can I do for you?
- I can't find your marketing services. Are they upstairs or downstairs?
- The marketing section is just on this floor, over there, down the corridor. Rooms 304 and 305, next to the stationary store.
— Where's the managing director's office?
- Go upstairs and turn right. It's the second door on the right, opposite the transport manager's office.
-The mail room is next to the entrance, opposite the lift. And the information desk is in the middle of the lobby, behind the central pillar, in front of the public telephones. Our canteen with a small bar are round the corner, in the right wing. To get to the guards' rest facilities, you should go straight on, take the second right, then the first left.
-As you know, there was a small fire in one of our show rooms yesterday, so I want to make sure that you all know what to do if we have another one. In rooms 1 to 10, you should go down staircase A, out of the back of the building by door 2 and then wait in the car parking outside. If you are in any other room, use staircase B. Go out of door 5 and assemble by the fountain.
6.
OFFICE
SAFETY
&
SECURITY
Безопасность и охрана офиса
Crime
преступление
armedrobbery
вооруженное ограбление
embezzlement
растрата; присвоение чужого имуществаили чужих денег
safeguards
охрана
ensureawareness
обеспечить сознательность
defraud
отнимать (с помощью обмана)
spot
обнаруживать
deter
останавливать, отпугивать, удерживать
shoplifting
воровство (покупателей) в магазинах, магазинные кражи
screen
тщательно отбирать, проверять
hire
нанимать на работу
lock
замок
sparekeys
запасные ключи
pilfering (pilferage)
хищение
petty theft
мелкаякража
thief
вор
robber
грабитель
intruder
непрошеный пришедший
suspiciously
подозрительно
confidential
секретный
securitysystem
охранная система
reliable
надежный
safety
безопасность
electrical appliances
электроприборы
fire
пожар
alarm
тревога
tirebrigade
пожарная команда
tireescape
запасной выход
smoke detector
детектордыма
fire extinguisher
огнетушитель
escape plans
планыэвакуации
foam
пена
ADVICE ON SECURITY MEASURES
Crimes ranging from armed robbery to embezzlement can destroy even the best businesses. You should install a good physical security system. Just as important, you must establish policies and safeguards to ensure awareness and honesty among your personnel. Because computer systems can be used to defraud as well as keep records, you should check into a computer security program. Consider taking seminars on how to spot and deter shoplifting and how to handle cash. Finally, careful screening when hiring can be your best ally against crime.
SECURITY AND SAFETY IN AN OFFICE
A simple but reliable security system, such as special sensors attached to the doors and windows are often used. Taking security to the next level, a video camera or several video cameras are used in blind or hidden spots in corridors or corners of big buildings or places attractive to intruders. Adding a video tape recorder to the security camera is recommended so that you have a visual record to take to the police if necessary. There exist some security systems that search a visitor for weapons.
These are some rules for the staff to follow:
1. Always keep money in a safe place, never leave it in an unlocked drawer. It is recommended to keep it in a safe.
2. Be careful with keys — don't leave spare keys lying around.
3. Close windows when you are out — a thief needs only 2 minutes.
4. Don't leave a visitor alone in your office — use the telephone to find out if someone can see him.
5. Don't give strangers confidential information. Watch out for people behaving suspiciously.
6. In cases of pilfering and petty theft call the police.
7. Always remember safety rules when using electrical appliances: switch them off before leaving the office or before adjusting them, don't leave the electric cables on the floor.
8. Do not smoke in an office, only in special places, if you cannot give up that harmful habit.
9. Have proper ventilation for heaters and other small appliances.
10.Install smoke detectors and fire extinguishers, maintain them regularly and keep fresh batteries in smoke detectors for proper operation. Have, discuss and rehearse escape plans.
11.In case of fire, sound the alarm. If possible put out the fire yourself. Use foam not water ftear electrical appliances. If you cannot do that call the fire brigade immediately. Leave the building by the nearest exit — fire escape.
12.Please be responsible and careful. Always.
INSTRUCTING ON SAFETY
- We've got a new man working in the stock room. He should be instructed on our security and safety rules.
— I have already informed him about our routine in this, but he should read the instruction and sign in the register.
-The main things which should be remembered and always observed are: not to leave money in an unlocked drawer and always put it in a safe at night, close windows when one is out, not to leave a visitor alone in the office. Very important is also not to give strangers confidential information.
- Yes, he'll find all this in our safety instruction, and I've also told him to take care of his own belongings.
- Right you are. I hope he will prove to be a responsible person.
7. THE COMPANY YOU WORK FOR
Компания, в которой вы работаете
headoffice
главный офис (контора)
manufacturer (producer)
производитель
major
крупный
software
программное обеспечение
customerservice
обслуживание клиентов
division
отделение
network
сеть
dealer
дилер
workshop
цех, мастерская
expand manufacturing
расширять
capacity
производственные мощности
startbusiness
начать деловую деятельность
launch
запустить (производство, товар на рынок)
branch
отрасль, филиал
subsidiary
дочерняя компания
getacontract
получить контракт
totalsales
общие продажи, реализация товара
exceed
превышать
turnover
товарооборот
profit
прибыль
researchanddevelopment
научно-исследовательские разработки
to hold top-ranking position
заниматьлидирующееместо
corebusiness
главная, основная деятельность
concrete
бетон
aggregates
зд. наполнители (бетона)
gypsum
гипс
roofing
кровельное покрытие
employ
нанимать
to be committed
бытьприверженным
constructionmaterials
строительные материалы
netoperatingincome
чистый операционный доход
netearnings
чистая прибыль
groupshare
все выпущенные акции компании
per share
наакцию
operate
действовать
revenue
доход
jointventure
совместное предприятие
establish
учреждать
breakawayfrom
отделиться от
statutoryfund
уставный фонд
balanceloss
балансовый убыток
initiate
инициировать, начать
merge
сливаться
mainsupplier
основной поставщик
COMPANY'S HISTORY
KKK is a famous computer manufacturer based in… (the name of the country).
The Head Office is in… (the capital of the country), and there are offices in other cities.
KKK is a leader in the field of minicomputers and business microcomputers, and it is a major software producer It has a large customer service division, with a wide network of dealers and agents.
KKK has three main production workshops and is planning to expand manufacturing capacity in the next two years.
КККstarted business in 1981, and produced small electronic components for the first few years. Then it launched its first micro and moved into the computer market in 1986. Now it has five branch offices; in 1991 it opened its overseas subsidiary.
In 1997 KKK launches the famous L66 models and gets the contract to build control systems for the Space Program.
The Company's total sales exceed… The turnover in 2000 exceeded… Its profits reach ....
KKK works through five divisions: Research & Development, Production & Engineering, Software, Administration fc Central services, Sales & Marketing.
SPEAKING ABOUT COMPANIES
1. A world leader in construction materials, ZZZ holds top-ranking positions in all six of its core businesses: cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates, gypsum, specialty products and roofing. ZZZ employs 65,000 people andgenerates annual sales of $… It is committed to the development of construction materials which bring greater comfort, aesthetic appeal and safety to our everyday lives. Net operating income reached $… Net earnings (Group share) reached $..., net earnings per share rose to $… These increases are the highest in ten years.
2. XXX is a multinational technical service company employing 63,500 people and operating in more than 30 countries. Last year the company generated $… in revenue from its main activities. XXX has been active in this country since December 1998, through a joint venture with ODD.
3. Established in 1996, BBB broke away from ADD in 1999… Balance loss was… The statutory fund is… Realizing that its chances of remaining on the market on its own are slim, the company initiated a plan for merging with ADB, the main supplier in the& industry.
PHRASES TO BE USED when speaking about a company:
- to be established in 19… быть
образованным
в
19...
- to have a strong position in the market иметь
сильную
позицию
на
рынке
- to enjoy an excellent reputation иметь
отличную
репутацию
- to have qualified / skilled / technically trained employees иметь
квалифицированных
/ обученных
/ технически
подготовленных
служащих
- to be a state-owned enterprise быть
государственным
предприятием
- to be in the process of transformation into a joint-stock company находиться
в
процессе
преобразования
в
акционерное
общество
- to provide services to… обеспечивать
обслуживание
/ услуги
- to offer high-quality products and innovative technologiesпредлагать
высококачественные
товары
и
новейшие
технологии
8.
WELFARE
SCHEME
FOR
EMPLOYEES
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--Система социального обеспечения служащих
Welfare
социальное обеспечение; материальная помощь; благополучие, благосостояние
medicalinsurance
медицинская страховка
annualleave
ежегодный отпуск
sickleave
отпуск по болезни
maternityleave
послеродовой отпуск
creche
детские ясли
Noncontributory(non-contributary)
пенсионное обеспечение за счет нанимателя
pension scheme (plan) relief /dole
пособие по безработице
incentive
стимул, поощрение
flexible working hours
гибкийрабочийграфик
fringebenefits
дополнительные льготы
benefit
преимущество, привилегия, пособие (пенсионное, по страхованию и т.д.)
remuneration
вознаграждение
dentalbenefits
зубоврачебное обслуживание
relocation
переезд, перемещение
allowance
пособие, содержание (годовое, месячное и т.п.), скидка
parkingfacilities
стоянка для автомашин
sportsfacilities
условия для занятий спортом
canteen
столовая (на предприятии)
subsidy
субсидия, денежная помощь
furnishedaccomodation
меблированная жилплощадь
rent
квартирная плата
airfare
авиабилет
forselfanddependents
для себя и членов семьи
gratuity
денежный подарок, пособие
reward
(денежное)вознаграждение
COMPANY'S WELFARE INFORMATION
The benefits package of a company can contain medical insurance, annual leave, sick leave, paid maternity leave, creche facilities, pension scheme (noncontributary pension scheme), relief (dole), regular incentives, flexible working hours, paid overtime, fringe benefits. Also, big companies may offer their staff some benefits for remuneration package: dental benefits, relocation costs to and from the company, car allowance, free parking and sports facilities, the company's canteen, educational subsidies for children, furnished accomodations at nominal rent, annual leaves with airfares for self and dependents, annual gratuities, etc. Such benefits packages and rewards are usually commensurate, and the opportunities for a person who performs well may be considerable.
9. BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
Виды
деловой
деятельности
production
производство, изготовление
manufacturing
производство, обработка
raw materials
сырье
provision
обеспечение, снабжение
accommodation
помещение; жилье
ministrations (pi.)
помощь
maintenance
техническое обслуживание
entertainment
развлечение
accounting
бухгалтерскийучет
legal services
юридическая служба
stockbrokerage
биржевые брокерские операции
advertising
реклама, рекламирование
demand
спрос
acquisition
приобретение
utilization
использование
keepaccounts
вести учет, отчетность
check accounts
проверятьсчета
data processing
обработка данных
store
хранить
database-
база данных
currency
валюта
securities
ценные бумаги
distribution
распределение, раздача, распространение
delivery
поставка, доставка, разноска
advertisement
рекламное объявление
accomplish objectives
осуществитьцели
retail
розничная торговля
cashflow
поток наличности
run a business
управлять компанией, предприятием
attitude
отношение, положение
mode of live / living
образжизни
sale ability
возможность сбыта
luxuryproducts
товары роскоши
prosperity
процветание
stapleproducts
основные товары (продукты)
business cycle
деловойцикл
pricing
установление цены
unfeasible
невыполнимый
comparable
сравнимый
merchandise
товары
variables
переменные величины
profit
прибыль
specified
определенный, указанный
returnoninvestments
прибыль на инвестированный капитал
discounts
скидки
in quantity (ies)
в (большом) количестве
persuade
убеждать
decision making
принятие решения
productline
ассортимент изделий
promotion
меры по увеличению сбыта, по продвижению товара на рынке
channels of distribution
каналы доставки (товара)
warehouse
склад
human resource
человеческие ресурсы, кадры
HRM division
отделкадров
hire / recruit
нанимать
compensation plan
система вознаграждения (затруд)
benefitpackage
пакет пособий (пенсионного,страхового и т.д.
SOME BUSINESS FIELDS AND THEIR DEFINITIONS
Production — the activity of making or growing something. Manufacturing — making goods to sell from raw materials.
Services — the provision of work, accommodations, or ministrations desired by a consumer. Services familiar to most consumers are in the field of maintenance and repair, transport, travel, entertainment, education, and medical care. Business-oriented services include computer applications, management consulting, banking, accounting and legal services, stock brokerage, and advertising.
Marketing — the actions of identifying, satisfying and increasing the buyer's demand for a company's products; the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company's objectives.
Finance — money as a resource for business and other activities; the acquisition and utilization of capital in order to start up, operate, and expand a company; the management of money for business and other activities. Accounting — the handling of large amounts of information generated by business operations; the work of keeping or checking accounts. Data processing — using a computer to analyze and classify information stored in a database; the measurement and communication of financial information, computerized control of statistical data.
Trading — the buying and selling of goods, services, currencies or securities. Exporting — sending goods, services, ideasor people to other countries. Importing — bringing goods, services, ideas or people into a country from another country.
Transportation — the movement of goods or people from one place to another, the movement, or distribution, of goods to places where they can be sold; the arrangement made for this. Delivery — taking letters, messages, goods, etc to the places or people they are addressed to.
Advertising — business that deals with making, distributing and. selling advertisements; activities for making a product, a service, a job vacancy, an event, etc publicly known. It is done on television, radio, signboards; in newspapers, magazines, and catalogues; and through direct mail to the consumers.
Management — the activities guiding a company io accomplish its objectives; the control or organization of people, a business, a department of a firm, a project or a process (e.g. financial, information, product, retail, cash flow, staff, database management).
MULT/FACETED PROCESS OF RUNNING A BUSINESS
A variety of operations keep businesses, especially large corporations, running efficiently and effectively. Common business operation divisions include production, marketing, finances, and human resource management.
Production includes those activities involved in conceptualizing, designing, and creating products and services. Marketing research is conducted to study consumer behaviour. Changing attitudes and modes of living directly affect the sale ability of products. The purchase of durable or long-lived goods, such as refrigerators, cars, and houses, or luxury products may be deferred when the economy is declining and may increase rapidly in periods of prosperity. Staple products, such as food and clothing, tend not to be seriously affected by the business cycle. Consumers today expect product innovations. Competition between manufacturers of similar products naturally accelerates the speed of changes made in those products.
The two basic components that affect product pricing are costs of manufacture and competition in selling. It is unprofitable to sell a product below the manufacturer's production costs and unfeasible to sell it at a price higher than that at which comparable merchandise is being ottered. Other variables also affect pricing. Company policy may require a minimum profit on new product lines or a specified return on investments, or discounts may be offered on purchases in quantity.
Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, developing strategies to persuade them to buy. Marketing management includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling decision making regarding product lines, pricing, promotion, and servicing. In addition, the marketing department of a busi ness firm is responsible for the physical distribution of the products, determining the channels of distribution that will be used and supervising the transportation of goods from the factory or warehouse. Marketing and sales departments pre pare documentation, handle cargo, do packing for clients, advise on insurance and the best means of transport, handle customs procedures.
Finance involves the management of money, controlling capital on hand to pay their bills, seek extra capital to expand their operations. Other common financial activities includegranting, monitoring, and collecting on credit or loans, and ensuring that customers pay bills on time. The financial division of any business must also establish a good working relationship with a bank. This is particularly important when a business wants to obtain a loan.
Businesses rely on effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees, and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists are responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business's HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff. Human resource managers create workers' compensation plans and benefit packages for employees.
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--
10.
JOB
TITLES
&
PERSONNEL
FUNCTIONS
Названия должностей и функции персонала
chairman of the board
(of directors)
председатель правления /совета
директоров
chief/generalmanager
генеральный директор
managingdirector
директор-распорядитель
deputymanagingdirector
заместитель директора-распорядителя
commercial director
коммерческийдиректор
accounting manager
главныйбухгалтер
financialmanager
финансовый директор
exportmanager
директор по экспорту
marketingmanager
директор по сбыту
officemanager
руководитель конторы
personnelmanager
начальник отдела кадров
productionmanager
директор по производству
salesmanager
коммерческий директор
trainingmanager
заведующий отделомповышения квалификации / подготовки кадров
transportmanager
заведующий транспортным отделом
supervisor
инспектор
goodsexpert
товаровед
secretary
секретарь
post-roommanager
заведующий почтовой службой
clerk
офисный служащий
receptionist
секретарь в приемной
typist
машинистка
accomplish (achieve) objectives
достигатьцели
data processing
обработкаданных
MAKING APPOINTMENTS
Making appointments is one of the main personnel functions. Advertisements are placed in newspapers and in trade journals. Applicants who reply to these, or who are found in other ways, are sent application forms. From these best candidates are chosen and a short list is drawn up. The shortlisted applicants are called for an interview. During this, the employment package is explained: this includes the annual holiday entitlement, the rates of pay, and the opportunities for promotion. When the successful candidate is decided on, there is one last step: references are taken up before the appointment is finally confirmed.
PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Top jobs demand top qualifications, and company directors usually need a degree in economics or business administration, plus experience in the sphere of activity of the company to get the job.
The managing director is responsible for the overall running of the firm. A good commercial director should know his firm from the inside, and at all levels, plus know the outside environment: he should understand state tax policies, the wider sphere of economics and the mentality of the officials the firm is to deal with; -and when making a management decision, he should study the market situation to estimate the reliability of the figures he is given. The sales manager is responsible for supplying goods to customers and is also very much the 'face' of the company, interacting with potential clients and persuading them to become customers. The personnel officer is responsible for hiring staff and for staff welfare. The head of the accounts department is responsible for all the money in the firm. She or he handles payments from customers and wages for the staff. The office manager handles the day-to-day running of the office, orders office supplies and arranges for equipment to be serviced or repaired. The typist types letters and other documents for the company. The post-room clerkhandles the incoming and outgoing post. The receptionist answers the phone and greets visitors.
Office routine work and secretarial duties:
- doing all the paperwork
- filing, using a filing system and making up an index to the files for them to be found quickly
- answering the phone and phoning
- making travel arrangements, talking to the travel agents the company uses
- making appointments and fixing the meetings
- writing business letters
- sorting out the letters and knowing mail procedures and post-office services
- knowing office safety and security rules
- managing typing, audio-typing (when the text to be typed has been dictated on to a cassette tape)
- doing some proofreading
- using office equipment
- keeping the diary (for making appointments for the boss)
- taking the minutes of the meetings
- ordering stationery
- being responsible for circulating memos (memorandums) to other members of the staff
- screening callers to the office
- dealing with the petty cash (when buying coffee, and the like)
- being a shorthand typist, having high shorthand and typing speeds
- being a personal assistant — P.A. for short
So the secretary of a company is basically responsible for fielding phone calls, keeping track of appointments and taking down the minutes at meetings.
ADVICE FOROFFICE WORKERS
You should train yourself to make more effective use of your time. This will help you to gain control over your job, to accomplish more of what is important for you. To get control of your time and your job it is necessary to avoid delays and distractions and to follow these rules of time management:
* list goals; * set priorities, * make a daily «To Do» list, * start with A's not with C's; * handle each piece of paper only once; * start now.
Advice for secretaries:
* know where to look for any information in your files;
* use a dictionary to check spelling, avoid errors, clumsy corrections;
* learn the names of the most frequent contacts by heart, keep a desk diary to mark down all work to be carried out, your boss's engagements and appointments, conferences, reminders of actions to be taken, birthdays of your col leagues, etc.;
* have a good telephone manner, good communication skills; never let your personal problems show in the office; pay attention to your personal appearance and manners.
PHRASES TO BE USED when speaking about responsibilities of employees:
- to
join
the
company
быть принятым на работу в компанию
- to be taken on the staff бытьпринятымвштат
- to work for the company работатьвкомпании
- to be with the company работатьвкомпании
- to
hold
position
занимать должность
- to
assume
position
вступить в должность
- to
be
appointed
senior
manager
быть назначенным на должность главного менеджера
- to
be
responsible
for
(
planning
,
project
management
,
etc
.)
быть ответственным за (планирование, управление проектом)
- his responsibilities include… егообязанностивключают
- to
work
as
…
before
joining
the
companyработать в качестве… перед приходом в компанию
- his
career
included
management
positions
in
some
Euro
pean
countries
его карьера включала управленческие должности в некоторых Европейских странах
- he began as an economist trainee at National Oil Company
онначиналкакэкономист-стажервНациональнойНефтянойКомпании
- his previous position has been as Department Head
ранее
онзанималпостначальникаотдела
- he
is
recognized
as
an
expert
in
programming
and
soft
ware
он получил признание как специалист по программированию и программному обеспечению
- his role will be to install and tailor software applications to the specific needs of clients егофункциейбудетустановкаиадаптацияпримененияпрограммкнуждамклиентов
- he spent 10 years with Citibank and during his tenure there he lectured tax law at <place w:st=«on»><placename w:st=«on»>Sofia<placename w:st=«on»>University and worked as a legal adviser for a law firm онработал10 летвСити банкивтечениесрокапребываниявдолжностичиталлекциипозаконуоналогообложениииработалконсультантомвюридическойфирме.
11.
JOB
CONTENT
AND
OPPORTUNITIES
Содержание и перспективы работы
routine
заведенный порядок, обычный(рабочий) режим, установившаяся практика
jobdescription
описание функциональных обязанностей
jobobjective
желаемая работа (чем хотитезаниматься)
probation
испытание, испытательный срок
base
размещаться, базироваться
overtime
сверхурочная работа
availabl
нeдоступный, имеющийся в распоряжении
fulltime
полный (рабочий) день
parttime
неполный (рабочий) день
JOB PROSPECTS IN THE GENERAL ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE OF THE COMPANY
It is important to know how to ask for information about the job content, your responsibilities and the job prospects in your career to understand the organizational culture and the philosophy of the company. Consider the following:
1. What is much of my future work concerned with?
2. What sort of job is it?
3. What sort of work am I supposed to do?
4. What is the day-to-day routine like?
5. What are the bieeest problems?
6. What will (shall) I be in charge of/ be responsible for?
(What will my responsibilities include?)
7. Can I have my future job description?
8. I'd like to indicate my job objective.
9. Can I be on probation for a time first?
10.Where is the job based?
11.Is overtime available / desirable?
12. Are business trips available? (Shall I travel much?)
13. Is this post suitable for full time or part time?
14. Will I have any opportunities for personal development?
12.
SALARY
Заработная плата
Salary
жалованье, оклад, заработнаяплата служащего
wage(s)
заработная плата (рабочих)
wagesandsalaries
заработная плата рабочих и служащих
remuneration
вознаграждение
reward
вознаграждение, награда
startingsalary
начальная зарплата
(wage) scale
шкала (заработной платы)
commensurate
соразмерный, соответственный
byagreement
по договоренности, по согласиюсторон
negotiable
по договоренности
grosspay/ salary
общая сумма зарплаты («грязная „)
netsalary(takehomepay)
чистая зарплата (за вычетом налогов)
deduction
вычет
underpay
не доплачивать
regularpay
основная зарплата
fee for services
платазауслуги
yearly salary
годовойоклад
amount to (sum)
составлять(сумму
)
cash award (bonus, premium)
денежнаяпремия
wages run from… .(the date)
зарплатаначисляетсяс… (дата
)
overtime pay
сверхурочнаяоплата
(wage) rate
тарифная ставка, расценки
salary based on hourly rate
почасовая оплата
pay by the hour / by the job
платить почасово / сдельно (заотдельную часть работы)
scaled down / raised
снижены/ повышены
payday
день выплаты зарплаты, получка
SPEAKING
ABOUT
SALARY
Get familiar with these definitions, questions and statements to be ready to use them when it is appropriate.
1. The term 'salary' means * fixed regular pay each month for a job, especially a job done by a senior member of staff.
2. * Wages' denotes 'payment for labour or services, usually paid every day or every week, and often based on the number of hours worked'.
3. 'Remuneration' is used to denote 'payment for work done or trouble taken; a reward'.
4. Can I ask questions referring to the salary?
5. Can I ask what my starting salary will be?
6. You'll be paid on the computer programmer scale.
7. Salaries are commensurate with experience and will re flect the importance of the positions.
8. The salary is commensurate with the importance of this position.
9. We offer a salary commensurate with experience.
10. Salaries are commensurate with experience and will reflect the importance of the positions.
11. The salary will be by agreement.
12. This is a key post and the salary will be by agreement.
13. The salary will be negotiable, depending on qualifications and experience. However, the position will attract a minimum gross salary of not less than… pa (per annum}.
14. My gross pay is…, but the net salary (take home pay, with all the deductions made} is usually ....
15. It is a well-paid job.
16. He thinks he is underpaid.
17. He earns / gets / makes… dollars a week.
18. The minimum wage / salary is ....
19. It is a regular pay, but you 41 also get your fee for services.
20. My yearly salary amounted to ....
21. You'll also have some cash award (bonus, premium).
22. Your wages run from 10 September. 23.1 am guaranteed overtime pay.
23. Your salary will be based on hourly rate.
24. You'll be paid not by the hour but by the job.
25. Our wages were scaled down / raised.
26. Tomorrow is pay-day.
13.
COMMUNICATIONS
Средства связи
task
задача
brieftalk
короткая беседа
communicatewith
общаться с
holdameeting
проводить собрание
arrangeanappointment
назначать деловую встречу
useaphone
звонить по телефону
usetheintercom
пользоваться внутренней связью
circulateadocument
передавать документ (для ознакомления)
distributionlist
список тех, кому направляетсядокумент
passadocumenton...
передать документ далее (посписку)
notice
объявление
noticeboard
доска объявлений
note
записка
memorandum(memo)
памятная записка, докладная записка
sample
образец
COMMUNICATION METHODS
There are different methods of communication in the office for each problem depending upon your task or desire: you may want to contact or meet someone, to discuss something with a person or a group of people, to have a brief talk or some information for your partners or members of the staff, etc. In each case you will chose the best way to communicatewith people you need. You can hold a meeting, arrange an appointment with the person you want to see, you can use a phone or the intercom, write a letter, send a fax or use E-mail, occasionally you prefer to talk to him or her face to face. If you want to let your people know some document you can circulate it with a distribution list. After the document is read it is passed on to the next person on the list. Putting a notice on the notice board is also practiced very often. Sometimes you write a note to a person, or write a memo (memorandum) to all the staff. Refer to the sample memo given below.
MEMORANDUM
TO: All departments FROM: Managing director Re: Annual corporate plan
May I remind you all to send me your suggestions as to participating in the next year fairs and exhibitions. After detailed discussion the approved propositions will be included into our corporate plan. A report on the previous participation experience, with the drawbacks and efficiency analysis, should be submitted by 1st October.
TELECOMMUNICA TIONS
In its basic form, the telephone (the terminal) and the network (local and local distance) make up the basic components of telecommunications. It is an effective tool that can easily change with seasonality and growth. How you use telecommunications can affect how efficiently and profitably your company grows in the future.
14.
SPEAKING OVER THE PHONE
Разговор
по
телефону
bookacall
заказать телефонный разговор
buzz
гудок, сигнал, разг. звонить
call
звонок по телефону, вызов
generalcall
общий вызов (кто подойдет)
localcall
местный звонок
long distance call / trunk call
междугородный вызов
personal call / person-to-person call
вызов определенного лица
answer the call
ответитьназвонок
makeacall
позвонить
givesmbacall
позвонить кому-либо
collectcall/ reverse
телефонный разговор, оплачиваемый тем, кому звонят
callsmb
звонить кому-либо по телефону
callback
позвонить еще раз; позвонить вответ на звонок
call to the telephoae
позватьктелефону
dial
диск; набирать
dialthewrongnumber
набрать неправильный номер
engaged / busy
занято
exchange (trunk exchange)
телефоннаястанция,подстанция, АТС
extension
добавочный (номер); параллельный аппарат
free/clear
свободно
get smb over the telephone
связаться с кем-либо по телефону
get in touch with smb
соединиться, связаться с кем-либо по телефону
getthrough(to)
соединиться, попасть
goahead!
говорите!
hangup
класть трубку, давать отбой
holdon
держать (не вешать) трубку
IDD (international direct dialing)
прямой набор по международному коду
keypad
клавишный циферблат телефона
line
линия, абонент, номер, телефон
ontheline
у телефона, на проводе
keepmeontheline
не разъединяйте
be engaged on another line
говорить по другому телефону
message
содержание сообщения; то, что нужно передать; записка
leaveamessage
передать что-либо
operator
телефонистка
pick up / take up
брать, снимать(трубку
)
put down the receiver
положитьтрубку
put / write down a telephone number
записать телефон
reach/ getat
найти, застать по (такому-тотелефону)
receiver
трубка
reply / answer
ответ; отвечать
Speaking
Слушаю / У телефона
Subscriber
абонент
Switchboard
коммутатор
(tele)phone
телефон
city/ desk/ home/
городской / настольный / домашний / внутренний / мобильный /
house / mobile / office / public (pay-) / phone
Офисный (рабочий) / общественный (телефон- автомат) телефон
telephone booth (cabin) /call box
телефонная будка (кабина)
telephonedirectory/ book
телефонный справочник
there (Who is there? Areyouthere?)
на другом конце провода (Кто говорит? Вы слушаете?)
through ( Are you through? You are through)
в выражениях (Вы говорите / Вам ответили? Вас соединили)
tone dialing/ ringing/ engaged
гудок, сигнал/гудок, указывающий, что можно
numberunobtainabletone
набирать номер /линия свободна, жди ответа /линия занята/ гудок, означающий, что связи нет
unobtainablenumber
номер, по которому нельзя дозвониться
TELEPHONE CONVERSATION PHRASES:
1.STARTING A PHONE TALK.
- Hello, is that the sales department?
- May I speak to Mr. N..., please?
- Can you put me in touch with Mr. N...?
- Who is speaking?
- Who is calling?
-1 didn't quite catch your name, how do you spell it?
- Is that you? I didn't recognize you at once.
- It's urgent. Could you please tell him he's wanted on the phone?
- Who shall I say is calling?
- Mr. N… is calling/ Mr. N… is on the line.
- There's a call for you / You are wanted on the phone.
2.THE PERSON YOU ARE CALLING IS NOT IN.
LEAVING A MESSAGE
- Excuse me, could I speak to Mr. N...?
- I'm sorry, he is not available / he is in a meeting / he is out
at the moment / he is at lunch / he is not at work today / he
is with a customer / he is not in now.
- Неis on another line.
- Could you call again later?
- Sorry, he hasn't returned yet.
- Can I take a message? / Would you like to leave a mes
sage?
- I'd like to leave a message for him / Could you take a
message for him?
- Can you tell Mr. N… (name) from (company) called.
Please ask him to call me. My phone number is… Thank you.
- Mr. N… called and said he'd be calling again tonight.
- Mr. N… wants you to call him back.
- Was there any call for me?
- Somebody called but didn't leave his name.
3. BOOKING A CALL
- I want to book a call to… .(city) for 8 p.m.
- What number are you calling from?
- Do you want to make it personal?
- I just want a station-to-station call.
- Will it be on credit? / Is it a credit card call?
- Hold the line. I'm putting you through… Go ahead.
15. ARRANGING AN APPOINTMENT
Назначение
деловой
встречи
haveanengagement
быть занятым, иметь деловуювстречу
be in the meeting
бытьнасовещании
have an appointment
иметь(деловую
) встречу
makeanappointment
назначить (деловую) встречу
diary
дневник
suit(smb)
устраивать, подходить
arrangealunchappointment
договариваться о встрече для совместного ланча (чтобы вместе пообедать)
How about Thursday?
Какнасчетчетверга?
Why?
А что? (Почему ты спрашиваешь?)
Is it all right with you?
Это тебе подходит? (Это тебя устраивает?)
It'sallrightwithme
Меня это вполне устраивает
confirm
подтвердить
cancel
отменить
postpone
отложить, перенести (на другоевремя)
fixthedate
назначить дату
convenientforsmb
удобно для кого-либо
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--APPOINTMENTS AND INVITATIONS
1.
- Good morning.
- Good morning. Is this Mr. Howard's office? I was wondering whether Mr. Howard could see me. My name is Bool.
- Mr. Bool, I am very sorry, but I'm afraid Mr Howard has several engagements today. He's in the meeting now and he has some other appointments this afternoon.
- Then would you kindly make an appointment for me?
- Yes, certainly. I'll just look in my diary. Now, would Friday at three-fifteen suit you?
- No, I'm afraid I won't be in town on Friday.
- Then would you be able to come on Monday at eleven?
- Yes, that would be quite all right.
- Good. I'll make it for eleven o'clock on Monday, then.
- Thank you very much.
2.
- Good morning. My name's Chris Day. I'd like to arrange a lunch appointment with Mr Norman. He told me to arrange it with you. Is he doing anything on Thursday 12th?
- Let me see now… I'm afraid he's going away for the whole day. How about Friday?
- No, I'm flying to <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Scotland</country-region> on Friday. I'm not doing any thing on Wednesday afternoon though. Perhaps we could have a late lunch?
- Well, Mr Norman's going to a meeting at two, so he can't have a late lunch. He's free on Tuesday though.
- Tuesday.,. hmmm… Well, I'm meeting a client in the morning but I'm not doing anything at lunchtime. Yes. Let's make it Tuesday. I'll come to the office at one o'clock.
- That's fine, Mr Day. One o'clock on Tuesday then. I'll tell Mr Norman to expect you. Goodbye.
- Thank you. Goodbye.
3.
- How about a game of golf next week?
- That's a good idea. What are you doing on Monday morning?
- Sorry. Monday morning's no good. I'm seeing the doctor. Are you free in the afternoon though?
- I'm afraid not. I'm going to a board meeting,
- I'm free all day Tuesday. Is that any good?
- No. That's no good either. I'm going to a conference.
- Well, I'm traveling to <place w:st=«on»><city w:st=«on»>Oxford on Friday morning so we must meet on Wednesday or Thursday.
- How about Thursday? I'm not doing anything in the afternoon. Are you free?
- At last! I'm not doing anything either. I'll come round to your place about 1.30.
- See you on Thursday.
4.
- Do you have any engagements for Saturday evening?
— No. Why?
- Would you come and have dinner with me and my wife?
- That's very kind of you. I'd love to. What time shall I come?
- About seven o'clock. Is it all right with you?
- Yes, it's all right with me. I'll be there about seven.
SOME MORE PHRASES to be used for arrangements:
- Can we arrange a meeting / an appointment for tomorrow?
- Would 3 o'clock suit you?
- I have an appointment with Mr. N… for 3 tomorrow. I’m calling to confirm / cancel / it. -1 am calling to postpone my appointment till a later date,
- Let's fix the date.
- Will the same time after tomorrow be convenient for you?
- It's all right with me. Thank you.
16.
PETTY
CASH
&
CHANGING
MONEY
Мелкая наличность офиса
cash
деньги, наличность; обналичить, получить деньги
pettycash
мелкие суммы или статьи расходов
receipt
квитанция
record
записывать, регистрировать
imprest
подотчетная сумма
float
резервная сумма, запас
sundries
всякая всячина, разное (остальные мелкие статьи расходов)
currency
валюта
legalcurrency
официальная валюта
hardcurrency
твердая валюта
(bank) notes/ bills
банкноты, бумажные деньги
water mark
водянойзнак
in circulation
вобращении
denomination
наименование, достоинство (оденьгах)
coin
монета
coinofsmalldenomination
монета малого достоинства
penny
пенни, один цент
nickel
никель, пять центов
dime
дайм, десять центов
quarter
четверть доллара
penny(
pi
. репсе)
пенни (мн. пенсы)
poundsterling
фунт стерлингов
change
сдача, (раз)менять, разменивать
small change
сдача
exchange
обмен; обменивать
currency exchange
обменвалюты
exchange rate
обменныйкурс
exchange facilities
пунктыобменавалюты
checkpoint / bureau de change (pi. bureaux)
бюрообменавалюты
rate of commission
комиссионныйсбор
cashier / teller
кассир
cashier'sdesk/ counter
касса (кассовое помещение)
bankclerk
банковский служащий
cashpoint machines /cash dispensers / automated teller machines
банкоматы
value
стоимость, сумма
DEALING WITH PETTY CASH
In the office they usually have the amount of money available for petty cash. This money spent on travel (bus, fares, etc.), snacks (coffee, sugar, biscuits, etc,), possibly, on some stationery (envelopes, pens, etc.) is recorded into the petty cash book, with the receipts (as written proofs of payment) being attached to this financial report.
This system of recording petty cash transactions is known. as the imprest system. The amount of money available for petty cash is called the float.
TALKING ABOUT PETTY CASH
- Where's all the petty cash gone?
- Well, last Monday I bought some coffee and milk and the next day I paid $12 for stamps.
- What else?
- And I bought a petty cash book and the flowers cost $15.
'- What flowers?
- For Betty. She is in hospital.
- What about the rest?
- The rest went for sundries.
17.
MONEY
&
BANKING
Деньги и банковское дело
banking account
счетвбанке
current (Am. checking) account
чековый(текущий
) счет
cheque (<place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Br.</country-region>)
чек
I check (Am) at your disposal
ввашемраспоряжении
deposit (Am. savings)
депозитный(сберегательный
)
account
счет
interest
процент(на
вклад
)
beentitled
иметь право
withdraw
снимать деньги со счета
afewmonths' notice
предупреждение за несколькомесяцев
certificateofdeposit
депозитный сертификат (выдаваемый в обмен на срочный вклад)
access
доступ
specimen of one's signature
образецподписи
requiresomereferences
запрашивать информацию (о финансовом статусе, платежеспособности)
makecashdeposits
вносить денежные вклады
loan
заем
lender
заимодавец, кредитор
lend
занимать (давать взаймы)
borrow
занимать (брать взаймы)
repaytheloan
вернуть деньги по займу
projected
планируемый
statement
ведомость, официальный отчет
accountingdocuments
отчетность, отчетные (бухгалтерские) документы
balancesheet
балансовый отчет
assets
активы
liabilities
пассивы, задолженности
income (profit-and-loss) statement
доходно-расходная ведомость
earnings
доходы
expenses
расходы
expertise
компетенция, знание и опыт
decline a loan application
отказатьвзаеме
BANKING ACCOUNTS
If you want to invest money at short term, you've got several possibilities: first, a current account. This gives you the possibility of having all your money at your immediate disposal. It also entitles you to a cheque-book. Second, you've got a deposit account. It is a better investment as it gives a higher interest. However, though you are entitled to a chequebook, you can only withdraw up to a certain sum each month. For larger amounts, you must give the bank a few months' notice. Finally, you have certificates of deposit. These pay the highest interest. However, they block your capital for a fixed period of 3, 4 or 5 years. Your choice of short-term investment, therefore, will depend largely on how quickly you'd like to have access to your money.
OPENING AN ACCOUNT
- We wish to open a current account with you for the use of the manager of our office. The manager's name is Mr Robert Bush, and he will be authorized to sign cheques on our behalf
- OK. We'll arrange for an appointment for this gentleman to visit the bank and complete the necessary formalities and provide a specimen of his signature. Also, we require some references.
- We can refer you to the British Clydeside Bank, Glasgow, where you will get all information you need on our company's financial status.
- Thank you. What cash deposit will your make?
- We intend to open the account with a cash deposit of $ 50,000.
- Now, let's fix the time for the appointment.
GETTING A LOAN
Initially, the lender will ask you three questions:
§ How will you use the loan?
§ How much do you need to borrow?
§ How will you repay the loan?
When you apply for the loan, you must provide projected financial statements and a clear business plan which supplies the name of the firm, location, production facilities, legal structure and business goals.
Two main accounting documents — two basic financial statements — should be prepared: (1) the balance sheet, which is a record of assets, liabilities and capital; and (2) the income (profit-and-loss) statement, a summary of earnings and expenses over a given period of time.
A clear description of your experience and management capabilities, as well as the expertise of other key personnel, will also be needed. In the <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>USA</country-region>, if your loan applications are declined by at least two banks, you may ask the banker to make the loan under Small Businesses Administration's Loan Guarantee Plan.
SOME BANKING AND FINANCIAL TERMS:
- open an account (with a deposit of,..) открытьсчет(сделаввкладвразмере...)
- maintain
a
minimum
balance
of
… сохранять (на счету) минимальный вклад
- service
charge
плата за банковские услуги
- you
will
be
charged
с вас будут удерживать
- make
cash
deposits
вносить денежные вклады
- make cash withdrawals сниматьденьги
- joint
account
совместный счет
- interest
rate
процентная ставка
- fluctuating
/
adjustable
/
fixed
rate
колеблющаяся / пере менная/ постоянная процентная ставка
- loan заем, ссуда
- shares (Br) I (common) stocks (Am) акции
- share price ценаакции
- real estate недвижимость
- mortgage
залог под недвижимость
- income
tax
подоходный налог
- value
added
tax
(
VAT
) налог на добавленную стоимость (НДС)
- credit
terms
условия кредитования
18. SPECIAL FINANCING INSTITUTIONS
Various special financial institutions provide finance to both the personal and corporate borrowed sector. In general they offer alternative, flexible funding to that offered by banks and building societies. Some of these organizations were set up with official support but with financial backing from traditional sources.
Among the public sector agencies are the British Technology Group; the Scottish and Welsh Development Agencies; the Industrial Development Board in <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Northern Ireland</country-region>; the Co-operative Development Agency; and the Export Credits Guarantee Department, Britain's official export credit insurer. The main private sector institutions are as follows.
FINANCE HOUSES AND LEASING COMPANIES
Finance Houses and Leasing Companies provide consumer credit, business finance, leasing, and motor finance. For consumers they provide personal loans, hire purchase, store cards, store instalment credit, and first and second mortgages. For the business sector, they offer leasing and hire purchase as well as a variety of business loans.
A wide range of companies offer these facilities: banks, merchant banks, building societies, finance houses, leasing companies and the finance arms of several large manufacturing and retail companies.
The representative body for this highly specialized sector of <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Britain</country-region>'s financial industry, is the Finance & Leasing Association. Its members achieved $26.8 billion of new business and $56.2 billion outstandings in 1993. This covers 80 per cent of consumer credit, apart from that provided by the clearing banks and first mortgage lenders, and approximately 30 per cent of all <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Britain</country-region>'s fixed investment in plant and equipment.
FACTORING COMPANIES
The main service of a factoring or invoice discounting company is to improve the cashflow of healthy, growing companies by providing finance secured against the outstanding invoices of a business. The injection of cash isa flexible form of finance to increase a company's liquidity, rciluu' ik kink or other borrowing requirements and release capital for growth. Since Пи-early 1960s, factoring and invoice discounting have become major Гмкикм! services covering international activities as well as domestic trade. A nuinU-i of banks and other financial ogranizations have established factoring anil invoice discounting subsidiaries as part of their group activities. In July I91M, 11,021 companies were making use of the services of the members of the Association of British Factors and Discounters (ABFD).
VENTURE CAPITAL COMPANIES
Venture capital is long-term equity financing for new and developing businesses. The 115 full members of the British Venture Capital Association (BVCA) represent every significant source of venture capital in <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Britain</country-region>. About half the capital comes from venture/development organizations which are subsidiaries or divisions of larger financial institutions such as banks, merchant banks, pension funds or insurance companies. The rest comes from the independent venture capital firms which will have raised their capital from more than one financial institution.
Venture capital investment has grown dramatically since its emergence in the late 70s. in 1993, $1.2 billion was invested by BVCA members in the <country-region w:st=«on»>UK</country-region>, <place w:st=«on»><country-region w:st=«on»>Britain</country-region>'s largest venture capital organization invested $318 million in British companies in the financial year ending March 1994. Since 1984, the venture capital industry has invested over $10 billion and currently commands an investment pool of about $2 billion.
ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ
instalment
— очередной взнос, частичный платеж
by
instalment
— в рассрочку
mortgage
— ипотека, залог, закладная
outstandings
— неоплаченные счета, задолженность
clearing
— безналичные расчеты междубанками
factoring
— факторинг, факторинговые (компании)
discounting
— операция по дисконту
discounter
— магазин,торгующим по сниженным ценам
invoice
— счет-фактура, выписать счет-фактуру
liquidity — ликвидность
продолжение
--PAGE_BREAK--
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