Реферат: CALCULATE
B12.However, after World War II an important __________ DISCOVER
was made that the first computer was, in fact, made in Germany in 1941 by Konrad
Zuce.
B13.Later Konrad Zuce founded a company in order to build computers that could be used by an engineer or a _____________. SCIENCE
B14.Konrad Zuce also developed the first real programming language, which
shows an amazing ______________ SIMILARto today’s most advanced com-
puter languages.
B15.Unfortunately, the role of this man, who was years ahead of his time, is still _______________KNOWN to many people.
B16.Maybe for the “official” history of computers it is _________ POSSIBLE
to accept that Konrad Zuce was on the wrong side of World War II.
Задание № 2 Прочитайте текст. Выполните задания.
In 1896 an American named Henry Ford exhibited a 4-cycle, 2-cylinder, 4-wheeled car in Detroit’s Badley Avenue. After his first demonstration, he began to
build “racing cars” for publicity. Then in 1903, Ford Motor Company sold its first
car: a 2-cylinder car for $2,500. Nevertheless, Ford felt that the price was too much
for a consumer vehicle. “The market for a low priced car”, Ford once said, “is unli-
mited”. A few years later in 1908, Ford Motor Company unveiled its $850 Model T, which included a folding windshield, a removable top, and gas lamps. The 22.5
horsepower engine had a top speed of 35 miles per hour.
By the time production of the Model T ended in 1927, Ford had sold over 15 mil-
lion of them. Prices of the car steadily dropped as it became more popular; in 1923 it reached a low of $256. Many companies sprang up in wake of the Model T’s popularity.
In 1911-15, 1918, and 1921, Ford earned more than all other automakers combi-
ned.
2.1 Закончите предложение:
The first car was sold for… .
a) $850 c) $256
b) $2,500 d) $22.5
2.2 Выберите утверждение, соответствующее содержанию текста:
a) The first car had 22.5 horsepower engine.
b) In 1896 Henry Ford exhibited $850 Model T.
c) Production of the Model T ended in 1923.
d) Price of the car decreased up to $256 in 1923.
2.3 Определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту:
a) Henry Ford c) Model T
b) The Ford Motor Company d) The First Car
2.4 Ответьте на вопрос:
Why did the price of the car drop?
a) Because it was too much for a consumer vehicle.
b) Because it became more popular.
c) Because it was not popular.
d) Because it was still not attainable for publicity.
Задание № 3 Прочитайте текст. Выполните задания.
In 1907, Henry Ford announced his goal for the Ford Motor Company: to create
“a motor car for the great multitude.”
Ford’s engineers took the first step to towards this goal by designing the Model T
a simple, sturdy car, offering no factory options — not even a choice of color.The Model T, first produced in 1908, kept the same design until the last one – number
15,000,000 – rolled off the line in 1927. From the start, the Model T was less ex-
pensive than most other cars, but it was still not attainable for the “multitude”.Ford
realized he’d need a more efficient way to produce the car in order to lower the price. He and his team looked at other industries and found four principles that would further their goal: interchangeable parts, continuous flow, division of labor, and reducing wasted efforts. Using interchangeable parts meant making the indivi-
dual pieces of the car the same every time. That way any valve would fit any engine, any steering wheel would fit any chassis. This meant improving the machi-
nery and cutting tools used to make the parts. But once the machines were adjust-
ed, low-skilled laborer could operate them, replacing the skilled craftsperson who
formerly made the parts by hand. To improve the flow of the work, it needed to be
arranged so that as one task was finished, another began, with minimum time spent in set-up. Then he divided the labor by breaking the assembly of the Model T into
84 distinct steps. Each worker was trained to do just one of these steps. Ford put these principles into play gradually over five years fine-tuning and testing as he went along. In 1913, they came together in the first moving assembly line ever us-
ed for large-scale manufacturing. That meant he could lower the price and still ma-
ke a good profit by selling more cars. In 1914, Ford workers’ wages were raised to
$5 a day and soon they proved him right by buying their own Model T. Ford’s ma-
nufacturing principles were adopted by other industries.
3.1 Определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту:
a) Ford’s Manufacturing Principles c) The Ford Motor Company
b) The Model T d) Henry Ford
3.2 Выберите утверждение, соответствующее содержанию текста:
a) The design of Model T had changed since 1908.
b) Henry Ford and his team found four principles in producing cars.
c) Low-skilled laborers couldn’t operate the machines.
d) In 1914 Ford workers’ wages were low.
3.3 Закончите предложение:
In 1913 the first moving assembly line was used for… .
a) selling more cars c) raising workers’ wages
b) lowering the price d) large-scale manufacturing
Задание № 4 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is 1____. The classification of fer-
rous metals 2____ iron, steel and its alloys. Metals in general, and especially fer-
rous metals are of great importance in various constructions. Thousands of miles of railway track form an intricate network of steel over the world. Machine tools and machinery, steamships and locomotives, automobiles and aeroplanes, rails and bridges are but a few of the many products turned out by the steel industry.
3___ are metals and 4____ the main component of which is not iron but some other element such as copper, aluminium and others. Copper, aluminium and some other metals are referred to as non-ferrous metals.
a) alloys c) includes
b) iron d) non-ferrous
Задание № 5 Соотнесите термины с их определениями.
1) Watt a) the unit of electromotive force and potential difference
2) Ampere b) the unit of quantity of electricity flowing per hour
through a conductor when the current in it is one ampere
3) Volt c) the unit of power
4) Ampere-hour d) the unit of the flow of electric current
Задание № 6 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
An electric current is a 1___ of electricity. There are two kinds of electricity,
positive and negative. Glass rubbed with silk is positively charged, ebonite rubbed
with fur is negatively charged.
Like charges 2___, unlike charges attract. The leaf electroscope is used to detect,
distinguish and measure 3___.
The ultimate particle of negative electricity is called the 4___; that of positive
Electricity is called the proton.
a) repel c) electron
b) flow d) charges
Задание № 7 Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски 1-4 частями пред-
ложений, обозначенными буквами a-d.
1_______ and it must be transmitted to other parts of the country. 2________?
Thick wires carry electric power over long distances. The wires are not always ma-
de of copper, often they are made of other metals. 3________. A cable consists of a number of wires put together and a pair consists of two insulated conductors for-
ming a metallic circuit. 4_______ and a cable is the main part of this long transmi-
ssion line.
a) A number of wires put together form one thick cable
b) Thus the basic transmission element of communications is a long transmissi-
on line
c) Electric power is generated at power plants
d) How is current transmitted to those parts?
Задание № 8 Прочитайте текст. Определите, какой из заголовков соот-