Реферат: APPENDIX III

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS OF LOW INFORMATION CONTENT

Words and expressions of low information content (LIC)contribute little or nothing to the facts conveyed by a sentence. Remove them and the sentence appears clearer and says just as much.The problem is thatpractically everyone inserts LIC words into sentences and we become so accustomed to them that we do not notice how they fill up space without adding any information. Compare:

· The control is actuated by means of No.3 valve. (delete “means of”)

· Tests were run foraperiod ofthree weeks.(delete “a period of”)

Examples of LIC words and phrases

The LIC words and phrases in this partial list are followed by an expression in brackets (to illustrate a better way to write the phrase) or by an (X), which means that it should be dropped entirely.

actually (X); in color, in length, in size (X);

a majority of (most); in connection with (about);

a number of (many, several); in fact, in point of fact (X)

as a means of (for, to); in order to (to);

as a result (so); last but not least (X);

as necessary (X); in such a manner as to (to);

at the rate of (at); in the course of (during);

at the same time as (while); in the direction of (toward);

bring to a conclusion (conclude); in the event that (if);

by means of (by); in the form of (as);

by use of (by); in the light of (X);

connected together (connected);

involves the use of (employs; uses);

due to the fact that (because); is a person who (X)

during the course of (while); is designed to be (is);

end result (result); it can be seen that (thus; so);

exhibit a tendency (tend); in the foreseeable future (in future);

for a period of (for);

involves the necessity of (demands; requires);

for the purpose of (for; to); of considerable magnitude (large);

for this reason (because); on account of (because);

in all probability (probably); previous to, prior to (before);

in an area where (where); subsequent to (after);

in an effort to (to); with the aid of (with; assisted by);

in close proximity to (close to; near);

with the result that (so; therefore).

Note: Many of these phrases start and end with such words as:

as, at, for, in, is, it, of, to, and with.

This knowledge can help you identify LIC words and phrases in your writing.

(Based on “Technically-Write” by Ron Blicq and Lisa Moretto,
Canadian Fifth Edition) .

ЛИТЕРАТУРА*

1. Владимирская Е.В. и др. Русско-английский словарь и фразеология новых разделов физики полупроводников.СПб.: Наука, 2000. – C. 108.

2. Рябцева Н.К. Научная речь на английском языке: Новый словарь-справочник активного типа (на английском язык) – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2000. – 600 с.

3. American English for Everyday Use (Курс для продолжающих изучение английского языка). Академический проект, Санкт-Петербург, 1996. – 338 с.

4. Learn to Read Science. Курс английского языка для аспирантов: Учебное пособие / Руков. Н.И. Шахова. – 6-е изд., испр. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2005. – 360 с.

5. RPon Blicq and Lisa Moretto, Technically-Write, Canadian Fifth Edition.

*Materials taken from websites are referred to as appropriate to the citations.