Реферат: St Thomas Aquinas Essay Research Paper
St. Thomas Aquinas Essay, Research Paper
St. Thomas Aquinas First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God
It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas first two ways presents a
successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points
which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by
Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest
Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this
ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts
of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God.
St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the
existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God s existence. His
first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God s
existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas first way
is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument
from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved.
Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in
motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then
defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality,
and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in
actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something
which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to
be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for
the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in potentiality.
For instance, what is actually hot cannot simultaneously be potentially hot, though it may
simultaneously be potentially cold. So, it is impossible that in the same respect and same
manner anything should be both mover and moved. In this, Aquinas means that nothing
can move itself. Therefore, if something is in motion, it must have been put in motion by
something else, which must have been put in motion by yet another thing, and so on.
However, this cannot go on to infinity because there would never have been a first mover
and, consequently, no subsequent movers. After all, second movers do not move except
when moved by a first mover, just as a stick does not move anything except when moved
by a hand. Thus, this leads to the conclusion that there is a first mover which is not
moved by anything, and this first mover is what we understand to be God.
Summarizing Aquinas first way, the argument states that objects are in motion,
and if something is in motion, then it must be caused to be in motion by something
outside of itself. That is, an object in motion is put in motion by some other object or
force. There can be no infinite chain of movers/movees so there is a first, unmoved
mover. Therefore, in conclusion, the unmoved mover exists and is called God.
Aquinas second way in proving God s existence is based on the nature of
efficient causation. Now, causation itself is making to be in the sense that the cause
makes there be the result. Efficient causation, however, is the production of the result, or
the activation from being merely possible or potential into accomplished fact. Thus, the
efficient cause is what brings about the result to be effectively realized as actual. In the
observable world we discover an order of efficient causes, but no case is found, or ever
could be found, of something efficiently causing itself. Such a thing would have to be
prior to itself, which is impossible. Now, it is impossible to go on forever in a series of
efficient causes. This is because in every ordered series of efficient causes the first
member of the series causes the intermediate member or members (whether the
intermediate be one or many members), which in turn cause the final member. If you
eliminate a cause you eliminate its effects, so there will not be final or intermediate
members in the series unless there is a first member. Given if the series goes on forever,
then there will be no first efficient cause, and so there will be no intermediate efficient
causes and no final/last effect, and this would be an open mistake which is obviously
false. For example, a table is brought into being by a carpenter, who is in turn caused by
his parents. Evidently, we cannot go on to infinity. Therefore, one is forced to suppose
some first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name God.
In summary, Aquinas second way states that no object created itself, or is found
to be the efficient cause of itself because if this was the case, the object would have to be
prior to itself, which is impossible. Consequently, we see that one object s existence is
simultaneously dependant on the other. However, there cannot be an endless string of
objects causing other objects to exist so there must be an uncaused first cause. Therefore,
in conclusion, the uncaused cause exists and is called God.
What are the main ideas in Aquinas first two ways? Basically, I perceive that his
arguments are equivalent to the proposition, There is no thing that came from nothing.
The first argument is about motion, which means every kind of change, not just local
motion or change of place, but also ripening, heating, etc. There must always be a cause
for any change, a moving cause. The second argument is very similar, about efficient
causes. The difference between a moving cause and an efficient cause is that the
moving cause produces another state of something while the efficient cause produces
existence. Therefore, it is my view that without a moving cause and an efficient cause
there would simply be nothing and the universe and concept of time would cease to
exist. On that account, Aquinas first two ways seem to present a successful argument for
the existence of the creator God.
As with all arguments attempting to prove the existence of God, Aquinas first
two ways are subjected to possible criticisms, objections and/or weak points. To begin
with, consider Aquinas first way, the Argument from Motion. Aquinas says that the line
of movers cannot go on to infinity, which common sense would tell you to be true. He
thus establishes the arbitrary endpoint of God. A problem arises in that this argument
could always be tested to be false by asking the question, What moved God? Aquinas
would probably answer that nothing moved God because God has always existed. Still, to
prove his first argument to atheists, Aquinas must accompany it by another argument that
proves God has existed forever. Then God would not need to have been moved since He
would always have been. This would make for a kind of circular flaw in logic or paradox,
in that Aquinas could not prove God existed until he proved God has existed forever, and
he obviously cannot prove that God has existed forever until he proves that God exists at
all.
In defense against this and other criticisms, it is my viewpoint that a measure of
faith is necessary to believe in God s existence. My conviction is that God s infinity
proves that he has existed forever. When trying to understand certain of God s
incomprehensible attributes, like how He has existed forever, it is necessary to realize
that we as humans are finite beings who are incapable of fully comprehending the infinite
being of God. God is the infinite God. Nothing or no one created Him, or brought him
into existence. God is the Greatest Conceivable Being, without genealogy, and having
neither beginning of days nor end of life. Unmistakably, it is vital to have an element of
faith to believe in God s existence for it is impossible for finite minds to understand how
God can exist without having a beginning. When atheists and other non-believers try to
consider God, they try to make the facts about Him fit within their limited capacity to
comprehend and understand. It appears they do not want to believe that there is more of
God than their minds can contain and comprehend. Seemingly, the attempt to fully
understand God is like trying to place the infinite One into a finite space; that is
impossible.
Another weak point that appears in Aquinas arguments is that even if they do
provide certainty about the existence of an unchanging changer or Greatest Conceivable
Being that could not have failed to exist, the arguments fail to prove the existence of the
theistic God. Since the theistic idea of God is a Being of perfect goodness, omnipotence,
and omniscience, an issue arises. How do we know, for example, that the unchanging
changer isn t evil or slightly ignorant? Well, aside from using logic and our natural
powers of reasoning to deduce whether the ultimate Being is supremely good or not,
observe that an element of faith is once again necessary in this scenario. Finally,
regarding the Argument from Motion, who is to say there was only one original Prime
Mover? Why not two? Better still, why not a whole team of Gods, working on the project
together? Perhaps our universe is one of many attempts, some good, some botched. In
defense against this criticism, I believe that it is hard for humans to accept that some
things may not have a reason, but there might be instances where this is actually the case.
It is my view that there may be some questions that simply may not be answered
correctly or known in our lifetime as mortals, or contingent beings.
Criticisms regarding Aquinas second way, the nature of efficient causation, also
result in various objections to the argument. First of all, it seems like Aquinas decides,
arbitrarily, that the first efficient cause is called God by everyone. One may argue that
given there is some First Cause, it does not follow that there is God. It does not follow
either that there is just one such cause, or that this being has the other attributes ordinarily
ascribed to God. The defense against this criticism could be to analyze what is involved
in having full spontaneity, free from any conditions or prompting. That is, the First Cause
has all the independence, capabilities, and richness involved in absolute spontaneity and
freedom from conditions. In other words, if these lofty claims did not apply to God, what
then? Would that prospect involve dragging down God from the exalted status and
character involved in being the First Cause? If so, then that very fact is proof enough that
these traditional ideas of God are true after all.
Also, one may argue that in this argument, even though each being in the infinite
series has a cause, the infinite series itself has no causal explanation. For example, people
imagine that, by making the chain of causes reach back to infinity, they can somehow
evade the force of this argument. For instance, if the series went back forever, the need
for something to start it is irrelevant. However, and in defense against this criticism,
Aquinas had argued that the world in principle could have existed forever. In fact, the
world began to exist, but that need not have been so. If the world had existed forever, it
would still be completely dependant on God to exist. It would still not have existed of
itself. The world would still be created as being made to exist by God. Indeed, since God
is not subject to time, and so is not in time, one might well say there is no time-related
or temporal priority of God to the world.
Finally, Aquinas first two ways seem related to questions about the universe. The
argument from motion and argument from the nature of efficient causation give rise to
questions like Has the universe always existed, or did it have a beginning in time? If
the universe did have a beginning, then what was there before? And what about the size
of the universe. Is it infinite or finite? It is hard to imagine infinity, but if the universe is
finite, it does not make sense to ask what is beyond it, because the universe is all there is.
In conclusion, I believe that a person would have to be omniscient and
omnipresent to be able to say there is no God from his own pool of knowledge. We as
humans are contingent, or finite beings, and only someone capable of being in all places
at the same time with a perfect knowledge of all that is in the universe can make such a
statement that there is no God based on the facts. In other words, a person would have
to be God to say there is no God.
Still, proving the existence of God to atheists and non-believers is a worthwhile
task. If someone did come up with a complete, foolproof argument for the existence of
God, the people of the world would have no choice but to believe in His existence.
However, even though St. Thomas Aquinas makes a worthy and in my opinion successful
effort, I believe such a task is not yet possible through logic and reasoning alone. There is
an element of faith that must be present for people to believe, and if that element is not
there, no matter how foolproof an argument seems to be, there will always be those who
do not believe. For me, Aquinas first two ways are successful in proving God s existence
but my belief in the existence of God is on the basis of faith. Therefore, if that element of
faith is not there, I do not think you can completely prove God s existence to everyone.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aquinas Five Ways. 15 October 2000.
Aquinas Refutations. 13 October 2000.
Bonnette, Dennis. Aquinas Proofs For God s Existence. The Hague, Netherlands:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.
Buber s Basque Page. 13 October 2000
.
Craig, William Lane. The Cosmological Argument From Plato to Leibniz: Thomas Aquinas. Great Britain: The MacMillan Press LTD, 1980
Exposing The Atheist. 15 October 2000.
Feinberg, Joel and Shafer-Landau, Russ. Reason & Responsibility Aquinas, Saint Thomas: The Five Ways and Rowe, William L: The Cosmological Argument.
USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999
Is a Proof of the Non-Existence of a God Even Possible? 15 October 2000
.
Kenny, Anthony. The Five Ways: St. Thomas Aquinas Proofs of God s Existence.
New York: Schocken Books, 1969
Second Way to God of Saint Thomas Aquinas. 13 October 2000
.
Swinburne, Richard. Is There A God? New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
PHILOSOPHY 100 ESSAY
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS FIRST TWO WAYS IN PROVING THE EXISTENCE OF GOD.
NAME: EUGIN MAK
STUDENT NUMBER: 43513001
St. Thomas Aquinas First Two Ways in Proving the Existence of God
It is my view that God exists, and I think that Aquinas first two ways presents a
successful argument for the existence of God. No doubt, the arguments have weak points
which are subjected to criticism but nonetheless, in my opinion, these propositions by
Aquinas do indeed accomplish their purpose in establishing the existence of a Greatest
Conceivable Being that is the unmoved mover and uncaused cause. I believe that this
ultimate Being is unchanging and started the universe, time and all matter and concepts
of existence. In my view, this Being is what we understand to be God.
St. Thomas Aquinas recognized that there were some people who doubted the
existence of God because, to them, logic did not allow for or explain God s existence. His
first two ways are two proofs based on logic and observation of nature in proving God s
existence to those who could not accept or believe God on faith alone. Aquinas first way
is based on motion. He calls it the most obvious way. This first argument, the Argument
from Motion, tries to prove the existence of God as the first mover which is unmoved.
Now, it is certain as a matter of sense-observation that some things in this world are in
motion. Whatever is in motion, Aquinas states, is moved by something else. Aquinas then
defines one type of motion as the reduction of something from potentiality to actuality,
and says that nothing can make this movement except by something that is already in
actuality in the same respect as the first object is in potentiality. For example, something
which is actually hot, like fire, makes something which is potentially hot, like wood, to
be actually hot. In this way the fire moves and alters the wood. Now, it is not possible for
the same thing to be, at the same time and same respect, in actuality and in potentiality.
For instance, what is actually hot cannot simultaneously be potentially hot, though it may
simultaneously be potentially cold. So, it is impossible that in the same respect and same
manner anything should be both mover and moved. In this, Aquinas means that nothing
can move itself. Therefore, if something is in motion, it must have been put in motion by
something else, which must have been put in motion by yet another thing, and so on.
However, this cannot go on to infinity because there would never have been a first mover
and, consequently, no subsequent movers. After all, second movers do not move except
when moved by a first mover, just as a stick does not move anything except when moved
by a hand. Thus, this leads to the conclusion that there is a first mover which is not
moved by anything, and this first mover is what we understand to be God.
Summarizing Aquinas first way, the argument states that objects are in motion,
and if something is in motion, then it must be caused to be in motion by something
outside of itself. That is, an object in motion is put in motion by some other object or
force. There can be no infinite chain of movers/movees so there is a first, unmoved
mover. Therefore, in conclusion, the unmoved mover exists and is called God.
Aquinas second way in proving God s existence is based on the nature of
efficient causation. Now, causation itself is making to be in the sense that the cause
makes there be the result. Efficient causation, however, is the production of the result, or
the activation from being merely possible or potential into accomplished fact. Thus, the
efficient cause is what brings about the result to be effectively realized as actual. In the
observable world we discover an order of efficient causes, but no case is found, or ever
could be found, of something efficiently causing itself. Such a thing would have to be
prior to itself, which is impossible. Now, it is impossible to go on forever in a series of
efficient causes. This is because in every ordered series of efficient causes the first
member of the series causes the intermediate member or members (whether the
intermediate be one or many members), which in turn cause the final member. If you
eliminate a cause you eliminate its effects, so there will not be final or intermediate
members in the series unless there is a first member. Given if the series goes on forever,
then there will be no first efficient cause, and so there will be no intermediate efficient
causes and no final/last effect, and this would be an open mistake which is obviously
false. For example, a table is brought into being by a carpenter, who is in turn caused by
his parents. Evidently, we cannot go on to infinity. Therefore, one is forced to suppose
some first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name God.
In summary, Aquinas second way states that no object created itself, or is found
to be the efficient cause of itself because if this was the case, the object would have to be
prior to itself, which is impossible. Consequently, we see that one object s existence is
simultaneously dependant on the other. However, there cannot be an endless string of
objects causing other objects to exist so there must be an uncaused first cause. Therefore,
in conclusion, the uncaused cause exists and is called God.
What are the main ideas in Aquinas first two ways? Basically, I perceive that his
arguments are equivalent to the proposition, There is no thing that came from nothing.
The first argument is about motion, which means every kind of change, not just local
motion or change of place, but also ripening, heating, etc. There must always be a cause
for any change, a moving cause. The second argument is very similar, about efficient
causes. The difference between a moving cause and an efficient cause is that the
moving cause produces another state of something while the efficient cause produces
existence. Therefore, it is my view that without a moving cause and an efficient cause
there would simply be nothing and the universe and concept of time would cease to
exist. On that account, Aquinas first two ways seem to present a successful argument for
the existence of the creator God.
As with all arguments attempting to prove the existence of God, Aquinas first
two ways are subjected to possible criticisms, objections and/or weak points. To begin
with, consider Aquinas first way, the Argument from Motion. Aquinas says that the line
of movers cannot go on to infinity, which common sense would tell you to be true. He
thus establishes the arbitrary endpoint of God. A problem arises in that this argument
could always be tested to be false by asking the question, What moved God? Aquinas
would probably answer that nothing moved God because God has always existed. Still, to
prove his first argument to atheists, Aquinas must accompany it by another argument that
proves God has existed forever. Then God would not need to have been moved since He
would always have been. This would make for a kind of circular flaw in logic or paradox,
in that Aquinas could not prove God existed until he proved God has existed forever, and
he obviously cannot prove that God has existed forever until he proves that God exists at
all.
In defense against this and other criticisms, it is my viewpoint that a measure of
faith is necessary to believe in God s existence. My conviction is that God s infinity
proves that he has existed forever. When trying to understand certain of God s
incomprehensible attributes, like how He has existed forever, it is necessary to realize
that we as humans are finite beings who are incapable of fully comprehending the infinite
being of God. God is the infinite God. Nothing or no one created Him, or brought him
into existence. God is the Greatest Conceivable Being, without genealogy, and having
neither beginning of days nor end of life. Unmistakably, it is vital to have an element of
faith to believe in God s existence for it is impossible for finite minds to understand how
God can exist without having a beginning. When atheists and other non-believers try to
consider God, they try to make the facts about Him fit within their limited capacity to
comprehend and understand. It appears they do not want to believe that there is more of
God than their minds can contain and comprehend. Seemingly, the attempt to fully
understand God is like trying to place the infinite One into a finite space; that is
impossible.
Another weak point that appears in Aquinas arguments is that even if they do
provide certainty about the existence of an unchanging changer or Greatest Conceivable
Being that could not have failed to exist, the arguments fail to prove the existence of the
theistic God. Since the theistic idea of God is a Being of perfect goodness, omnipotence,
and omniscience, an issue arises. How do we know, for example, that the unchanging
changer isn t evil or slightly ignorant? Well, aside from using logic and our natural
powers of reasoning to deduce whether the ultimate Being is supremely good or not,
observe that an element of faith is once again necessary in this scenario. Finally,
regarding the Argument from Motion, who is to say there was only one original Prime
Mover? Why not two? Better still, why not a whole team of Gods, working on the project
together? Perhaps our universe is one of many attempts, some good, some botched. In
defense against this criticism, I believe that it is hard for humans to accept that some
things may not have a reason, but there might be instances where this is actually the case.
It is my view that there may be some questions that simply may not be answered
correctly or known in our lifetime as mortals, or contingent beings.
Criticisms regarding Aquinas second way, the nature of efficient causation, also
result in various objections to the argument. First of all, it seems like Aquinas decides,
arbitrarily, that the first efficient cause is called God by everyone. One may argue that
given there is some First Cause, it does not follow that there is God. It does not follow
either that there is just one such cause, or that this being has the other attributes ordinarily
ascribed to God. The defense against this criticism could be to analyze what is involved
in having full spontaneity, free from any conditions or prompting. That is, the First Cause
has all the independence, capabilities, and richness involved in absolute spontaneity and
freedom from conditions. In other words, if these lofty claims did not apply to God, what
then? Would that prospect involve dragging down God from the exalted status and
character involved in being the First Cause? If so, then that very fact is proof enough that
these traditional ideas of God are true after all.
Also, one may argue that in this argument, even though each being in the infinite
series has a cause, the infinite series itself has no causal explanation. For example, people
imagine that, by making the chain of causes reach back to infinity, they can somehow
evade the force of this argument. For instance, if the series went back forever, the need
for something to start it is irrelevant. However, and in defense against this criticism,
Aquinas had argued that the world in principle could have existed forever. In fact, the
world began to exist, but that need not have been so. If the world had existed forever, it
would still be completely dependant on God to exist. It would still not have existed of
itself. The world would still be created as being made to exist by God. Indeed, since God
is not subject to time, and so is not in time, one might well say there is no time-related
or temporal priority of God to the world.
Finally, Aquinas first two ways seem related to questions about the universe. The
argument from motion and argument from the nature of efficient causation give rise to
questions like Has the universe always existed, or did it have a beginning in time? If
the universe did have a beginning, then what was there before? And what about the size
of the universe. Is it infinite or finite? It is hard to imagine infinity, but if the universe is
finite, it does not make sense to ask what is beyond it, because the universe is all there is.
In conclusion, I believe that a person would have to be omniscient and
omnipresent to be able to say there is no God from his own pool of knowledge. We as
humans are contingent, or finite beings, and only someone capable of being in all places
at the same time with a perfect knowledge of all that is in the universe can make such a
statement that there is no God based on the facts. In other words, a person would have
to be God to say there is no God.
Still, proving the existence of God to atheists and non-believers is a worthwhile
task. If someone did come up with a complete, foolproof argument for the existence of
God, the people of the world would have no choice but to believe in His existence.
However, even though St. Thomas Aquinas makes a worthy and in my opinion successful
effort, I believe such a task is not yet possible through logic and reasoning alone. There is
an element of faith that must be present for people to believe, and if that element is not
there, no matter how foolproof an argument seems to be, there will always be those who
do not believe. For me, Aquinas first two ways are successful in proving God s existence
but my belief in the existence of God is on the basis of faith. Therefore, if that element of
faith is not there, I do not think you can completely prove God s existence to everyone.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aquinas Five Ways. 15 October 2000.
Aquinas Refutations. 13 October 2000.
Bonnette, Dennis. Aquinas Proofs For God s Existence. The Hague, Netherlands:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.
Buber s Basque Page. 13 October 2000
.
Craig, William Lane. The Cosmological Argument From Plato to Leibniz: Thomas Aquinas. Great Britain: The MacMillan Press LTD, 1980
Exposing The Atheist. 15 October 2000.
Feinberg, Joel and Shafer-Landau, Russ. Reason & Responsibility Aquinas, Saint Thomas: The Five Ways and Rowe, William L: The Cosmological Argument.
USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999
Is a Proof of the Non-Existence of a God Even Possible? 15 October 2000
.
Kenny, Anthony. The Five Ways: St. Thomas Aquinas Proofs of God s Existence.
New York: Schocken Books, 1969
Second Way to God of Saint Thomas Aquinas. 13 October 2000
.
Swinburne, Richard. Is There A God? New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
PHILOSOPHY 100 ESSAY
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS FIRST TWO WAYS IN PROVING THE EXISTENCE OF GOD.