Реферат: Интонация

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Intonation is the music ofthe language.  In English, we use tone to signal emotion, questioning, andparts of the sentence among many other things.  It's important torecognize the meaning behind the tones used in everyday speech, and to be ableto use them so that there are no misunderstandings between the speaker and thelistener.  It is generally true that mistakes in pronunciation of soundscan be overlooked, but mistakes in intonation make a lasting impression.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Intonation has always beena difficult thing to define. According to traditional descriptions, intonationis «the melody of speech», and is to be analysed in terms of variations inpitch. Intonation is said to indicate the attitudes and emotions of thespeaker, so that a sentence like 'I think it's time to go now' can be said in ahappy way, a sad way, an angry way, and so on. While this is certainly true,there is clearly more than just pitch varia­tion involved in conveying suchthings, so the definition of inton­ation becomes considerably more complicated.It is clear that when we are expressing emotions, we also use different voicequalities, different speaking rates, facial expressions, gestures, and so on.We must indicate what type of information tye are presenting and how it isstructured, and at the same time we must keep our listeners' attention andtheir participation in the exchange of information. Communicative interactionwould be much more difficult without intonation: think how manymisunderstandings between people arise in the exchange of e-mail messages,where intonation cannot play a role.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> In In English, as in many other languages, pitchis an important com­ponent of accentuation, or prominence, both at the level of individualwords and at the level of longer utterances. In general, we distinguish between pitches whichare relatively steady-state, i.e. which do not change level perceptibly, and those whichchange by stepping or slid­ing up or down to another pitch level, as illustratedin the figure below. Englishintonation characteristically slides or transitions gradually from one pitch level to the next rather than stepping upor down abruptly from one pitchlevel to the next. Thus, English intonation is best repre­sented by«humps» and «waves» rather than by «angles» and«steps».

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Sliding contour                                            Stepping contour

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> SHAPE * MERGEFORMAT

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1036 _x0000_s1042 _x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045 _x0000_s1046"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">If we look at a typical example, we would expect a falling pitch patternon a statement like this:

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">You are                                from                               <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> SHAPE * MERGEFORMAT

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051 _x0000_s1050 _x0000_s1052 _x0000_s1053 _x0000_s1054 _x0000_s1055 _x0000_s1077"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">but a rising pitch pattern if the same words are used as a question:

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">You are                                from                               <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">?

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> SHAPE  * MERGEFORMAT

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056 _x0000_s1057 _x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1060 _x0000_s1061"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Other examples of meaning being changed by differences in intonation are- the difference between

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">She           won`t           go            out           with               anyone

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1076"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1075"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1074"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1072"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> SHAPE  * MERGEFORMAT

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><img src="/cache/referats/19843/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109 _x0000_s1110 _x0000_s1111 _x0000_s1112"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">and

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">       

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">She           won`t           go            out           with               anyone<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1123"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1124"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1127"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1131"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1135"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1143"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120"> <img src="/cache/referats/19843/image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1138"> <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">


<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Is the first one (with a falling movement on «any») says that she willgo out with nobody, while the second (with a falling-rising pitch movement)says that she is careful about who she goes with.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">        The pitch of the voice is determined by thefrequency with which the vocal cords vibrate., The frequency of vibration ofthe vocal cords is in turn determined by their thickness their length and theirtension. The modal pitch of the voice, i.e. one's natural average pitchlevel, depends on the size of the vocal cords. In general, men have thicker andlonger vocal cords than women and children do. As a result, the modal pitch of a man's voice is generally lower than thatof a woman or a child.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: .1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">In addition to itsmodal pitch, every individual voice has a pitch

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">range <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">whichcan be achieved by adjustments of the vocal cords.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: .2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: .2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: .2pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">By

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">tighteningthe vocal cords, a person can raise the pitch of the voice <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">(vocalpitch); <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; letter-spacing:-.05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">byloosening them, one can lower vocal pitch. <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: .05pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">There is also anatural variation in pitch associated with the amount of air that is expendedduring speech. When the airflow through the

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">glottis is great, itcauses the vocal cords to vibrate quickly. As airflow is <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">reduced, the effect on thevocal cords is diminished, and the frequency ofvibration decreases. Although it is possible to override these natural effects — e.g. by changing the tension of thevocal folds — in the unmarked case,the pitch of the voice will descend naturally over an utterance as the speaker'sbreath is used up. This effect is called downdrift.<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">As a result of downdrift, there is a naturaliconic association of fall­ing pitch withfinality and related meanings such as assurance or defini-tiveness. Conversely, there is a natural associationof non-falling (steady-state orrising) pitch with non-finality and related meanings such as lack of assurance or non-definitiveness.The difference between falling and non-falling or rising intonation isrepresented by Cruttenden (1981) asthat between «closed» (assertive) and «open»(non-assertive) meaning.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Individualwords or phrases may in some cases constitute an entire utterance in naturalspeech, as can be seen in the dif­ferent intonation contours for okay infigure.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">     <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Contour

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">   <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Meaning

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Example

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Fall

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Neutral

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">O

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">     K

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">           A

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                   Y.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(I accept this.)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">High Rise

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Contradictory/

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">unbelieving

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">                 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                  Y

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">?<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">           

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">A<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">      

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">K

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">O

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">(

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">I don’t accept this.<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Low Rise

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Non-committal/

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">unfinished

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">             KAY…

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">O

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(I’m listening.)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Fall — Rise

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">uncertain

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">               O             Y,

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                      KA

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(But I’m doubtful.)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Rise — Fall

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">With commitment/

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">definite/

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">emphatic

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                      KA

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">            O

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                                Y!

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">(

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Definitely.<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">The two compound patternscombine the meanings of falling and ris­ing intonation in interesting iconicmeanings. The fall-rise pattern has the mean­ing of both, i.e. bothclosed and open meaning. This signifies both definiteness and indefinitenesssimultaneously, in the sense that a refer­ent is instantiated but the utteranceis not yet completed or in the sense that the speaker feels some hesitancy,reservation, doubt or uncertainty. The rise-fall pattern incorporatesthe fall of completion or assurance of the first pattern with the emotionalovertone of a high pitch in the middle of the utterance. This is a so-called swelltone used for emphatic meaning: as the tone swells, the meaning or emphasisincreases.

<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:country-region w:st=«on»><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Brazil

</st1:country-region></st1:place><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">, Coulthard and Johns (1980) point out the importanceof relative pitch, in a discourse context, e.g. for indicating affect oremotion. Most importantly, relative pitch of an utterance shows the speaker'sattitude toward the informa­tion that heshe is conveying. The neutral,unmarked, mid relative pitch — which is the speaker's modal pitch — isused to make a statement in a neutral manner. In contrast, high relativepitch indicates an informational contrast, as shown in example (a). Becausehigh key implies a contrast even when one is not explicitly present in thediscourse, it can be used to single out individual words for special attention,as in example (b).

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image012.gif" " v:shapes="_x0000_s1147"> <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">


                                                   Y

                             H<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-hansi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                    

a

                                ar<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-hansi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                     

1

(a)  I'mgoing to         vard,    not<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-hansi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">         

e !!!

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image013.gif" " v:shapes="_x0000_s1148">


                    n

                       e

                          v<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-hansi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">                  

t      t.

(b)  I'd<span Arial",«sans-serif»;mso-hansi-font-family:«Times New Roman»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">               

er      do       ha

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Low key is used when thespeaker wants to assert that two items in suc­cessive tone units are in somesense equivalent, as in (c):

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image014.gif" " " v:shapes="_x0000_s1149"> <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">


<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">           T

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">             O

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">    I          L

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                 D

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US"> (c)              you already, du

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">                                         mmy.

Here the low key on dummy signals that it is to be interpreted asconfer-ential to you.

In some varieties of English, e.g. thosespoken in Ireland, Liverpool and Hawaii, the terminal high rise in yes/no questionsis replaced by an earlier rise, with high pitch maintained until the tonic wordor phrase, followed by a fall as in

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1160">


<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Ireland</st1:country-region></st1:place>:   Would you like some tea?

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1166">


<st1:place w:st=«on»>Liverpool</st1:place>:  Did you go to the newsupermarket?

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1177">


<st1:State w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Hawaii</st1:place></st1:State>: 1)You need a general catalog?

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1180">       

2)<span Times New Roman"">           

You get one book?

In Hawaniian English, question tagscomprising yea with high rising pitch are frequent/ In Welsh English,question tags are emphasized by a swell-tone (rise-fall patern) on the tag,which makes it more definite or emphatic.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Stylistic use of intonation

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Speech

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">typology

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Intonational style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Varieties of language

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Forms of communication

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Degree of speech preparedness

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">The number of participants

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">The character of participants` relationship

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Spoken

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Written

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Monoloqoue

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Dialoque

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Prepared

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Spontaneous

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Pub

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">lic

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Non-public

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">For-mal

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Infor-mal

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Informational style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Academic style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Declamatory style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Publicistic style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Familiar style

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">+

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Conversational (familiar)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> — this kind of English is a means foreveryday communication, heard in natural conversational interaction betweenspeakers. This style occurs mainly in informal external and internalrelationships in speech of relatives, friends, well — acquainted people and soon. <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black">So this is spontaneous, colloquial, informal, everyday speech.<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> 

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Informational

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">- in press reporting,educational descriptive texts. May be represented in monologues, dialogues,polylogues.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Phonostylistic characteristics:

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> Loudness normal orincreased; pauses are rather long; rhythm is stable, properly organized;falling tones on the semantic centres, falling- rising in the initialintonation groups

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">The following example illustrates the use ofthis intonation pattern in the speech of a radio announcer during newscoverage:

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1183"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">ANNOUNCER: … Early `yesterday MORNING  the engine `depot at <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>ROUEN</st1:place></st1:City> was the target of `SABOTEURS.

<img src="/cache/referats/19843/image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1193"><span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> ||  The   heavy-MA CHINE shops were totally GUTTED | and e    leven `LOCO`MOTIVES | com        pletely `DESTROYED.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-fareast-font-family:«Bookman Old Style»;mso-bidi-font-family:«Bookman Old Style»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(A.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Booth. «The Sky is Overcast»)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Academic (scientific) -

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> style of lectures (conferences,seminars). The purpose of communication as the speaker’s aim is to attract thelistener’s attention, to establish close contacts with the audience and todirect the public attention to the message carried in the contents of the text.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Phonostylistic characteristics:

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> Loudness increased; pauses are ratherlong; rhythm is properly organized; high proportion of compound terminal tones(high fall + low rise, fall – rise, rise-fall-rise), a great number of highcategoric falls.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Example

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The     various   MEANINGS   may be     classified under    two  `general  HEADS | — the   optative  SUB  JUNCTIVE     and the <st1:place w:st=«on»>PO</st1:place>`TENTIAL sub junctive. || The `OPTATIVE sub junktive  

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">repre  sents `something as DESIRED,     DE` MANDED,   or RE`QUIRED    (by a    person or by   CIRCUMSTANCES). || The PO`TENTIAL subjenctive       marks `something as  a   mere     con`caption of the    `MIND,      but  at  the same time      repre` sents  it as  something that may   PROBABLY     or  POSSIB  LY   `BE  or   BE` COME a reality    or on  the  `OTHER handes   as   SOMETHING   that   is     contrary to  `FACT. ||

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(G. O. Curme «A Grammar of the English Language»)

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Oratorial

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> — this term serves for many kinds oforatorial activities (especially this style uses in political speeches).

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Phonostylistic characteristics

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">: Loudness enormously increased; pausesare definitely long between the passages; rhythm is properly organized; tonesmostly emphatic, especially emotionally underlined semantic centres, innon-final intonational groups falling-rising tones are frequent

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Example

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">You can’t have in`formed  O`PINION     on   this   `VITAL MATTER   with   out   being   kept  `VERY  much  up  toDATE    with the    LATEST   FACTS  of   DE FENCE.   Now    what   IS  WRONG    with  a coa  lition   GOVERNMENT  in     time   of  CRISIS, | but the    dreadful    `PART of a coa lition government, you KNOW,   is  that  to   keep  it A LIVE    you  have  to go in for `one,COMPROMISE   after   A NOTHER.

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<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; mso-ansi-language:EN-US">(D. Crystal and D. Davy «Investigating English Style»)

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<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Declamatory (artistic)-

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"> this is the style of declamation. This isa highly emotional and expressive intonational style, that is why it needsspecial training. This style can be heard on the stage, on the screen, in a TVstudio, thus we see that it is always a written form of the language read aloudor recited. <span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black">

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Phonostylistic characteristics

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">: Loudness varied according to the size ofthe audience and to the emotional setting; pauses are long especially betweenthe passages, prolonged emphatic pauses are used to underline the emphasis;rhythm is properly organized; common use of categoric low and high falls infinal and initial intination groups and on semantic centres

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Example

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The door of the `dining-room was OPEN    the gas `turned   LOW; | a  SPIRIT-urn   `hissed on aTEA-tray,     and   CLOSE to  it    a   cynical- `looking    CAT   had    fallen     A SLEEP  on  the DINING-table. ||  Old `Jolyon  ``shoo`d`  her `OFF at once.`` ||

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<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The Comparative Analysis of the Intonation of Basic Positive Emotions inEnglish and Russian Spontaneous Speech

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The second part of the 20th century has been marked byspecial attention to the investigation of intonational variation expressingemotions in speech. Being an indispensable component of oral communication,intonation with other linguistic and extra linguistic means serves todistinguish the communicative types of utterances, to identify the speaker andto convey his attitude to the surrounding reality.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Studies of the prosody of emotions are not numerous, though a growinginterest in this area is pointed out. There is still no exhaustive definitionof the notion emotion; nevertheless in 80s a great input into the theoryof emotions was made by C.Izard.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The material for the investigation was samples of authentic English andRussian emotional spontaneous speech, namely recordings of TV programs,interviews, free talks, situations where people interact in a way that appearsspontaneous. We consider it relevant to study the prosody of emotions expressedin eye-to-eye, informal communication, as this is where human attitudes revealmost explicitly.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In the analyzed material 64 spontaneous utterances (<st1:metricconverter ProductID=«32 in» w:st=«on»>32 in</st1:metricconverter> English and <st1:metricconverter ProductID=«32 in» w:st=«on»>32 in</st1:metricconverter> Russian) rendering theemotional states of surprise, interest and joy were chosen. The recordings ofthe three emotions were studied in an intonogram. The focus of theinvestigation was made on such prosodic parameters, as pitch level, pitch rangeand intensity level. Intonation was also estimated from the point of view ofdirection of the F0, whether it is steady, upward or downward.

<span Bookman Old Style",«serif»;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The results of the contrastive acoustic analysis show, that all the

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