Реферат: The Collapse Of Affirmative Action Essay Research
The Collapse Of Affirmative Action Essay, Research Paper
THE COLLAPSE OF AFFRIMATIVE ACTION
The phrase “affirmative action” was first used in a racial discrimination context in Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. This executive order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ensure that job applicants and employees are treated “without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.” The civil rights legislation of the 1960s followed in the same vein. Kennedy’s executive order implied equal access and nothing else. From these humble beginnings, a phrase intended to enforce racial neutrality and color-blindness has extended into such ideas as “leveling the playing field” and “creating equal opportunities.”
A shift in emphasis from equality of prospective opportunity toward statistical measures of results was already under way by the time the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was debated in Congress. Quotas and the right of minorities and women to have a “correct” percentage of their population employed have since become rallying cries for civil rights activists. Affirmative action as it has been applied is detrimental to the operation of the job market, to white males, and to the groups it is supposed to benefit.
First, affirmative action promotes the hiring of less skilled workers. It sometimes forces employers to choose the best of the minority workers they can find, regardless of whether they have the required job skills. For example, Duke University recently adopted a resolution requiring each department to hire at least one new black for a faculty position by 1993. However, only six blacks received Ph.D.s in mathematics in 1987 in all of the U.S., casting doubts as to whether it would be possible for each department to find a wellqualified black, much less hire one.
Colleges and universities frequently also have quotas for how many blacks it is necessary to admit to “round out” their freshman classes. An example is the admission practices at Berkeley. Only 40 per cent of the entering class in 1988 were selected solely on the basis of academic merit. While whites or Asian-Americans need at least a 3.7 grade point average in high school to be considered for admission, most minority candidates who meet a much lower standard are automatically admitted. Berkeley continues this practice of preferential admissions for minorities even though the graduation rate of minorities is very low. Sixty-six per cent of whites or AsianAmericans graduate while only 27 per cent of blacks graduate.
Affirmative action also causes reverse discrimination. Discrimination against white males is just as bad as discrimination against minorities. Some people say that affirmative action is justified as a way of making up for past discrimination. Although discrimination still exists in the U.S., as it does in the rest of the world, most blacks entering the job market today were born after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and have suffered little or no prejudice in terms of salary.
When this Civil Rights Act was passed, its spirit was not one of reverse discrimination but of getting employers to consider applicants objectively in filling jobs within their companies. Hubert Humphrey, a major sponsor of the Act, swore that he would eat the bill if it were ever used for discrimination of any sort. The past cannot be changed and we should stop compensating people who were never hurt at the expense of people who have done them no harm.
Another problem caused by affirmative action is that it places a stigma on groups which receive preferential treatment, especially on individuals who earn their positions because of their ability. Consider an employer who hires a member of a minority group for a high position on the basis of merit, not for affirmative action reasons. Other employees, however, are likely to assume that it was an affirmative action hiring, as are many other minority hirings.
The increase in racial tensions between whites and blacks at U.S. colleges is also related to preferential admission policies. It is not surprising that racial tensions have grown worse since affirmative action policies were implemented. At colleges in North Carolina, for example, black students recently stated that they were treated like affirmative action cases even if they were not. Professors, seeking to help, asked them if they needed tutoring or other assistance, already assuming the black students’ lack of qualifications.
Affirmative action as originally conceived may have been a constructive policy, but it has been counter-productive in practice. I hope by the time I am in college that students, teachers, and others will be selected on the basis of ability — not according to quotas based on race or sex. If so, we will have finally achieved true civil rights for everyone.
?Affirmative Action at the University of California at Berkeley? Online.October 28, 1996. pwa.acusd.edu/~e_cook/ucb-95.html?Civil Rights? Compton?s Interactive Encyclopedia. (1996). [ComputerProgram] SoftKey Multimedia International Corporation. United States. Commission on Civil Rights. Affirmative Action in the1980?s: Dismantling the Process of Discrimination. Washington: 1981.United States. Nebraska Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission onCivil Rights.Private Sector Affirmative Action: Omaha. Washington: 1979.