Реферат: Методические рекомендации английский язык контрольные задания для студентов 1 курса специальностей пгс, сдм, эун, тв, ад, эуп

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

Воронежский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет

Факультет дистанционного обучения

Методические рекомендации

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Контрольные задания

для студентов 1 курса специальностей

ПГС, СДМ, ЭУН, ТВ, АД, ЭУП

факультета дистанционного обучения

Воронеж – 2009

Введение

Учебно-методическое пособие «Английский язык. Контрольные задания для студентов 1 курса строительных специальностей заочного отделения (ускоренное дистанционное обучение) » составлено в соответствии с рабочими программами для технических вузов и рассчитано на 320 часов самостоятельной работы и 18 аудиторных часов (один семестр – экзамен). Предназначено для студентов 1 курса (ускоренного обучения), изучающих английский язык на заочном отделении и обучающихся по следующим специальностям: «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», «Проектирование зданий», «Экспертиза и управление недвижимостью», «Подъемно-транспортные, строительные, дорожные машины и оборудование», «Теплогазоснабжение и вентиляция», «Экономика и управление на предприятии (строительство)», «Автомобильные дороги и аэродромы».

Цель учебно-методического пособия – подготовить студентов заочного отделения к практическому владению английским языком в сфере профессионально-ориентированного чтения и перевода научно-технической литературы по специальности, а также развитие и совершенствование навыков общения по разговорным темам.

Пособие состоит из трех частей:

· одной контрольной работы, по десяти вариантам, для проведения промежуточного и итогового контроля усвоения грамматического минимума и лексики тематической направленности;

· специальные тексты для аудиторного чтения;

· специальные тексты для самостоятельного чтения;

· устные темы.

Приложение содержит правила чтения, грамматический справочник по основным разделам английской грамматики и таблицу английских неправильных глаголов.

Начинать работу рекомендуется с тщательного изучения грамматического раздела с последующим выполнением заданий. Все варианты контрольной работы построены по единой схеме. В начале каждого варианта даны грамматические задания, для выполнения которых необходимо проработать соответствующий раздел грамматического справочника (см. стр. 74 данного пособия). Затем предлагается текстовый материал, который нужно прочитать и перевести на русский язык. К каждому тексту дается список слов для запоминания.

Для выполнения контрольной работы студентам рекомендуется пользоваться двуязычным (англо-русским) словарем общеупотребительной лексики и англо-русским политехническим словарем.

Учебно-методическое пособие предлагает список дополнительной литературы для совершенствования навыков владения английским языком.

Мы надеемся, что данное учебно-методическое пособие поможет Вам подготовиться к сдаче экзамена по английскому языку и научит читать, понимать и переводить английскую литературу по специальности.

1. Рекомендации по выполнению контрольных работ

При заочной форме образования требования к обучению студентов определены типовой программой по иностранным языкам для вузов неязыковых специальностей (Москва, 1995). Заочная система обучения предусматривает, главным образом, самостоятельную работу студентов с учебной литературой. Основной целью заочной формы обучения студентов английскому языку в неязыковом вузе является формирование умения читать и извлекать информацию из иностранной литературы по специальности.

Обучение иностранному языку на заочном отделении неязыкового вуза предполагает следующие формы занятий:

· самостоятельная работа студентов с учебно-методической

литературой (см. список рекомендуемой литературы);

· выполнение контрольных работ;

· аудиторные занятия, проводимые с преподавателем;

· итоговый контроль в форме экзамена по окончании курса

обучения иностранному языку.

Курс включает выполнение одной контрольной работы и завершается экзаменом. Начинать работу надо с изучения краткого фонетического курса и правил чтения в английском языке (см. Приложение стр. 74). Грамматический материал студент должен проработать самостоятельно (см. Приложение стр. 75-103) и закрепить выполнением контрольных заданий. Для самостоятельной работы по изучению иностранного языка студент – заочник может пользоваться учебниками для вузов заочного или очного обучения. Для повторения правил чтения и грамматики студент может использовать материал Приложения данного пособия.

При подготовке к выполнению контрольной работы необходимо усвоить основные грамматические темы:

глаголы «быть» и «иметь»;

местоимения (личные, притяжательные, возвратные, указательные, неопределенные);

существительное (единственное и множественное число, артикль, притяжательный падеж);

степени сравнения имен прилагательных;

оборот «there is / there are»;

времена группы Simple (Present, Past, Future);

времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future);

времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

времена группы Perfect Continuous (Present, Past, Future);

модальные глаголы;

активный и страдательный залоги;

предлоги;

инфинитивные конструкции (Complex Object, Complex Subject и Absolute Participle Construction);

сослагательное наклонение, условные предложения.

После изучения курса студент заочного отделения должен уметь распознавать основные грамматические конструкции при работе с текстом (времена, залоги, типы вопросов, модальные глаголы, неличные формы глагола, сослагательное наклонение), уметь перевести незнакомый текст со словарем, распознавать значения слов по контексту, вести беседу с преподавателем на устные темы.

На 1 курсе студент – заочник (ускоренного обучения) должен выполнить письменно контрольную работу своего варианта. Номер варианта определяется по последней цифре номера зачетной книжки студента.

Последняя цифра номера зачетной книжки	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Номер варианта	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10

2. Порядок выполнения и оформления контрольных работ

Контрольную работу следует выполнять в отдельной тетради.

На обложке тетради необходимо указать фамилию, имя и отчество; курс; специальность; ускоренное обучение; номер контрольной работы; вариант и шифр студента. Контрольная работа должна выполняться аккуратным, четким почерком, ответы на задания следует давать в развернутом виде. При выполнении контрольной работы необходимо переписать условия заданий и английский текст, оставлять поля для замечаний преподавателя. Задания должны быть представлены в той же последовательности, в которой они даны в контрольной работе. Допускается наличие только общепринятых сокращений. Выполненная контрольная работа приносится студентом на практические занятия по иностранному языку во время зимней сессии (в январе). Если студент допустил в работе ошибки, он должен их исправить в той же тетради, учитывая рекомендации преподавателя, проверившего его работу. На экзамене студент должен ответить на вопросы преподавателя по материалу контрольных работ.

Контрольная работа, выполненная не полностью или не отвечающая предъявляемым к ней вышеперечисленным требованиям не засчитывается.

Контрольную работу необходимо сохранять до экзамена и отдать преподавателю, принимающему экзамен по английскому языку, так как она являются важными учебным документом. Помимо этого, она дает возможность повторить учебный материал к экзамену.

На 1 курсе (первая сессия) студенты – заочники (ускоренного дистанционного обучения) сдают экзамен по английскому языку.

При выполнении контрольной работы рекомендуется использовать следующие учебники, учебные пособия и словари:

1. Английский язык для строительных вузов: учеб. пособие / Под ред. З.Е.

Фоминой. – Воронеж: Изд-во Воронеж. гос. арх.- строит. ун-та, 2006. –

Ч.1. – 147 с.

2. Английский язык для строительных вузов: учеб. пособие / Под ред. З.Е.

Фоминой. — Воронеж: Изд-во Воронеж. гос. арх.- строит. ун-та, 2006. –

Ч.2. – 165 с.

3. Андрианова Л.Н. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов и факультетов / Л.Н. Андрианова, Н.Ю. Багрова, Э.В. Ершова. — М.: Высшая школа, 2000.- 350с.

4. Людвигова Е.В. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения / Е.В. Людвигова [и др.]. — М.: Высшая школа, 1985. — 320с.

5. Новицкая Т.М. Практическая грамматика английского языка / Т.М. Новицкая, Н.Д. Кучин. — М.: Высшая школа, 1993 г.-190с.

6. Полякова Т.Ю. Английский язык для инженеров / Т.Ю. Полякова [и др.]. — М.: Высшая школа, 2000.- 250 с.

7. Пронина Р.Ф. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов / Р.Ф. Пронина, Л.Н. Сорокина. — М.: Высшая школа, 1998. — 240с.

8. Англо-русский политехнический словарь / Под редакцией А.Е. Чернухина. – М: Русский язык, 1998. – 1098 с.

3. Требования на экзамене

К экзамену допускаются студенты, выполнившие письменно одну контрольную работу, защитившие ее на практических занятиях во время сессии и получившие оценку «зачтено», а также посетившие аудиторные занятия, на которых прорабатываются 5 текстов по специальности студента (стр. 36-48) и две устные темы (стр. 72). Студенту-заочнику ускоренного обучения необходимо прочитать и перевести тексты по своей специальности из раздела «Тексты для самостоятельного чтения» (стр. 48).

Структура и содержание экзамена:

· письменный перевод специального текста со словарем (600 печатных знаков – 40 минут);

· беседа по одной из устных тем (см. раздел Oral Topics).

Грамматический материал проверяется в форме контрольных упражнений или тестов.

Контрольная работа № 1

Вариант № 1

Задание № 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, подчеркните неопределенные местоимения.

1. There are not any modern conveniences in their house.

2. There is some clean water in the bottle.

3. No letters again! Nobody has written to me for a month.

4. The young engineer had no experience in such work.

Задание № 2. Выберите прилагательное в соответствующей степени сравнения. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Sweden is the fifth (large, larger, largest) country in Europe.

2. In the past we needed (little, less, the least) mathematics than today.

3. You look much (good, better, the best) today.

4. Who is that boy in the (far, further, furthest) corner of the room?

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Her hair (is, are, were) long, black and beautiful.

2. We (are, were, will be) at the Zoo last Sunday.

3. They (is, are, were) busy now.

4. I think the audience (is, was, will be) good tomorrow.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … a boring book.

2. … a wonderful park in this city.

3. … cold outside.

4. … a lot of work to do for us.

Задание № 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы .

1. He has got a beard.

2. We had only an egg and a cup of tea for breakfast.

3. It will cost three pounds.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She seldom (cook) in the evening.

2. She (not/cook) at the moment.

3. I (have) a bath when the phone rang.

4. He usually (go) to work by bus.

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Somebody (eat) all my porridge. The plate is empty.

2. Our mother (clean) the flat before we all returned.

3. I (live) here since childhood.

4. I (come) just from London.

Задание № 8. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

1. She has been learning English since she was eight.

2. I haven’t seen Ann for a long time.

3. When I arrived they were waiting for me.

4. Can you hear a child is crying?

5. I will be flying over the Atlantic Ocean at 12 o’clock tomorrow.

6. It rains a lot in autumn.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. If you don’t take your umbrella, you can get wet.

2. Look! There are dark clouds on the sky. It might rain soon.

3. I have to do some shopping today.

4. He should not smoke.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

A Visit to Stratford

Stratford is a very interesting town, in the centre of England. Everybody knows it as Shakespeare's birthplace. There are no mountains or deep valleys near Stratford but there are beautiful woods, green fields, a quiet gentlе river the Avon and lovely black and white houses, with thatched roofs.

The first place which everybody goes to see there is Shakespeare’s house. It is a small house with small rooms in the centre of Stratford. In one of these rooms Shakespeare was born. On the walls of this room you can see many names of famous people who visited this place: Walter Scott, Dickens, Thackeray and others. In one room there stands a little wooden desk, the desk that Shakespeare sat at when he went to the grammar school in Stratford.

There is a garden behind the house with many flowers, trees and plants which Shakespeare mentioned in his plays. You can see a church there, where Shakespeare was buried. There is a bust of Shakespeare that was made by a Dutch sculptor who lived near Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre and saw Shakespeare many times. Not far from Shakespeare’s house there is a very old hotel that was probably there in Shakespeare’s time. The rooms haven’t got numbers on the doors as most hotels have. Instead every room has the name of a Shakespeare play on it – the “Hamlet” room, the “Romeo and Juliet” room and so on.

gentle – тихий

to be born – родиться

Globe Theatre – театр “Глобус”

to bury – хоронить

thatch – соломенная

the grammar school – гимназия

Dutch – голландский

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. What is Stratford famous for?

2. What river can you see near Stratford?

3. Where is Shakespeare’s house?

4. What famous people visited Shakespeare’s house?

5. Where was Shakespeare buried?

Вариант № 2

1. Some of us agree with the statement.

2. I did not see any change in his life.

3. Nobody can help him under the circumstances.

4. Something prevented him from coming.

1. He found the work (easy, easier, the easiest) than he had expected.

2. She was (active, more active, the most active) of us.

3. He felt (bad, worse, the worst) yesterday than the day before.

4. When he had left Paris it was as (cold, colder, the coldest) as in winter there.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She (is, was, will be) at the lecture now.

2. Last winter (is, was, will be) cold.

3. We (are, were, will be) free yesterday.

4. I (am, was, will be) at home tomorrow.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … a beautiful garden near the house.

2. Where is the cat? … under the sofa.

3. … no theatre in that small town.

4. … hot today.

1. In England the traffic keeps to the left.

2. The students had five examinations.

3. I will know the result in a day.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We (drink) coffee every morning.

2. While I (wait) for an answer, a knock came at the door.

3. They (have) dinner now.

4. He (come) to see me the day before yesterday.

1. I see the snow (stop).

2. His wife was not in. She (go) out a half an hour before.

3. I suppose I (read) the book by that time.

4. Tell me what you (do) in my absence.

1. We stayed in the garden for a long time.

2. She had finished packing by three o’clock.

3. Public opinion is changing.

4. I shall come along as often as possible.

5. Jerry has been discussing it with her this evening.

6. He will be asking me the same question tomorrow.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. You can go to St. Petersburg by train or by plane.

2. You should take a taxi if you don’t want to be late.

3. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language.

4. He may go away now. I shall finish the work myself.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

America in the Past and Today

Many hundred years ago on the territory of the present day America the red-skin Indians lived. They hunted animals and fished, grew corn and tobacco.

In the middle of the 15th century Christopher Columbus from Spain sailed with his crew on 33 small ships. They thought it was India. But Columbus was mistaken. It was an island near North America. This discovery took place on the 12th of October 1492. But this new land got its name “America” a little later when an Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci described it in his writings in 1499.

In 1620 more than one hundred Englishmen left their country forever and went to America on board the ship “Mayflower” to live and work there.

Later on, more and more people from many countries came to live in America. England considered these new territories as its colonies and soon the newcomers began to fight for their independence. The biggest war lasted from 1775 up to 1783. Commander-in-Chief of the North American Army was George Washington. His troops won this War for Independence and on July 4, 1776 the famous Declaration of Independence was signed by 13 United States of America. George Washington was elected to be the first American President.

At present the USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The population of the USA is about 250 million people of many nationalities. Some of the biggest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco and others.

The capital of the country is Washington. The American parliament (called Congress) has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate.

The flag of the USA has 13 red and white stripes representing the original 13 states and 50 stars – for each of the 50 states of the country. Each state has its national motto, bird and flower as its symbol.

newcomers – вновь прибывшие

Commander-in-Chief – главнокомандующий

the House of Representatives – палата представителей

a motto – девиз

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. Who lived on the territory of America many years ago?

2. Was America discovered by Columbus or Vespucci?

3. People from many countries came to live in America, didn’t they?

4. How long did the biggest war last?

5. What chambers has Congress?

Вариант № 3

1. When arriving in a foreign country one goes through the customs.

2. Speaking on TV the Prime Minister said that the Government would take some practical steps to increase competition and improve the work of public services (средства общественного транспорта и связи).

3. MP’s proposal (MP–член парламента) doesn’t seem to have aroused anybody’s interest.

4. She didn’t tell anyone about her secret. Not a person.

1. Love is (precious, more precious, the most precious) than money.

2. To violate traffic regulations is very (dangerous, more dangerous, the most dangerous).

3. Interrupting people is (bad, worse, the worst) of all.

4. The House of Lords is (large, larger, the largest) in membership but the House of Commons has nearly all the power.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The weather promised to be fine. There (are; were; will be) many stars in the sky.

2. Buckingham palace (will be, was, is) the place where presidents, kings and politicians go to meet the Queen.

3. The yesterday commercial program on TV (was, will be, is) of little artistic value.

4. Competition (was, is, will be) a good stimulus in the young managers’ future work.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. …an awful day. Everything goes wrong.

2. …a big crowd at the discotheque tonight.

3. …the British Prime Minister’s residence in Downing Street 10, London.

4. …high time the children go to bed.

1. A year ago she had long fair hair.

2. Buckingham Palace has a police station, two post offices, a hospital, a bar, two sports clubs, a disco, a cinema and a swimming pool.

3. In the nearest future London will have a population of nearly 10 million people.

1. The police (stop) me on my way home last night.

2. The Smiths have bought a new house. They (move in) at the moment.

3. Your dad (meet) you at the airport. Don’t worry.

4. All the evening yesterday we (listen) to the old records.

1. Some time ago Jill’s hair was short but now it is long. She (grow) it again.

2. Tomorrow the terrorists (hold) the hostages for three days.

3. We were late for the station. The train (start) two minutes before we came.

4. Are you still watching television? You (watch) it since I left for work in the morning.

1. The situation calls for immediate actions.

2. This is the third time Bill has phoned his friend this evening.

3. Parliament resumed the emergency debate last Friday.

4. The introduction of new technologies will promote economic development.

5. I had never seen Mr. Johnson so sad before our last meeting.

6. The population of the world is rising very fast.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. When Jim was 15, he could run 100 metres in 11 seconds.

2. It’s only natural that parents should worry about their children.

3. The new parking garage can house two thousand cars.

4. The traffic rules must be observed by everyone.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

The Houses of Parliament

Near Westminster Abbey on the riverside the Palace of Westminster, known as the Houses of Parliament stands. These buildings were first built in the twelfth century and rebuilt in 1840 – 1867 and partly again after the Second World War. Parliament consists of the House of Lords, where the lords sit, and the House of Commons, where the elected members of Parliament sit. The House of Lords is larger in membership – more than eight hundred, but the House of Commons has nearly all the power.

The six hundred and thirty elected members of the House of Commons meet in session in Parliament. The members sit on two sides of the hall, one side for the governing party and the other for the opposition. The Speaker is the chairman at all the debates in the House of Commons. Lord Chancellor presides over the Lords. His seat is called Woolsack to show that wool made England rich and powerful.

People who visit the Houses of Parliament may sit in the Public Gallery, looking down into the House of Commons, and listen to the debates. The central entrance hall is usually busy with people coming and going to see the buildings, and others wanting to see their Members of Parliament (M.P.’s).

Sessions of Parliament begin in November and last for about one hundred and sixty days. The sittings usually begin at 10 a.m. and end in the late afternoon, but if Parliament is discussing an important question, sittings may go on until late at night. All the time Parliament is in session, a flag flies at the top of the Clock Tower, and when the House is still sitting after dark, there is a light over the face of Big Ben.

a riverside – берег реки

in session – на сессии (о парламенте)

Chancellor – канцлер

woolsack – мешок с шерстью

sitting – заседание

Westminster Abbey – Вестминстерское аббатство

Palace of Westminster – Вестминстерский дворец

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. When were the buildings of the Houses of Parliament first built?

2. What Houses does the British Parliament consist of?

3. Is the Speaker or Lord Chancellor the chairman at all the debates in the House of Commons?

4. Why is the Lord Chancellor’s seat called Woolsack?

5. What shows that the Parliament is in session?

Вариант № 4

Задание № 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, подчеркните неопределенные местоимения.

1. I want some sugar to make jam.

2. Has anybody of them been to Scotland?

3. Nobody will smoke in the room.

4. The Metric System has some advantages over the English System.

1. He is the (old, oldest, eldest) son of my father’s friend.

2. What is the (much, more, most) important invention in the twentieth century?

3. We have heard the (late, later, latest) news on the radio.

4. I am sure this coffee tastes (good, better, the best) than that one.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The news he told us (are, was, were) interesting.

2. The Metric System (is, was, will be) a system of measures and weight.

3. You (are, is, were) at home last night.

4. It (is, was, will be) cold next week.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … easy to understand the rule.

2. … often a rainbow after the rain.

3. … electricity in all the houses of the town.

4. … so warm in the flat.

1. They have got a nice cat.

2. We had a large lunch yesterday.

3. It will probably rain soon.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I (wash) my hair last morning.

2. He usually (do) his homework in the afternoon.

3. The girl (talk) to Tim when his sister came.

4. If they forecast rainstorms, we (return) to the city.

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. George smokes. He (smoke) for five years.

2. They already (paint) the walls in their flat.

3. The builder says he (finish) the roof by next week.

4. When I got to the car park I realised that I (lose) my keys.

1. It’s raining again. Take your umbrella.

2. My mother always forgets my birthday.

3. I am sure Andrew will come to see us this evening.

4. I knew that he was waiting for somebody.

5. As soon as she came in I knew I had seen her before.

6. It has been snowing since Tuesday.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы.

1. You must not worry about it.

2. Can you make me some tea?

3. According to the radio, it may rain today.

4. You should change your job.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

The Statue of Liberty

The magnificent Statue of Liberty stands in New York Harbour and welcomes millions of foreign visitors and citizens returning to the United States from abroad. The idea for such a statue originated in France on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the USA.

The French people gave August Bartholdi’s statue “Liberty Enlightening the World” to the American people in 1886. The 12 acre Liberty Island was selected as the permanent site for the statue. It was placed upon a concrete and granite pedestal. The statue with its pedestal is 305 feet high.

Approximately 800.000 people visit Liberty Island each year. You can walk up 354 stairs to get to the top of the statue. An elevator takes sightseers to the top of the pedestal, but from there those who wish to venture higher, must walk up to the statue’s head, where there is an observation platform. On a clear day, this platform affords a wonderful view of the harbour and New York. The right arm and the torch are not open to the public.

There is a museum on Liberty Island, at the foot of the statue.

a harbour – гавань, порт

to welcome – приветствовать

site – местоположение

Liberty Island – остров Свободы

on the occasion of – по случаю

concrete – бетон

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. Where does the Statue of Liberty stand?

2. Where and when did the idea for the statue originate?

3. Who is the sculptor of the statue?

4. How many people visit Liberty Island each year?

5. How can sightseers get to an observation platform?

Вариант № 5

Задание № 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, подчеркните неопределенные местоимения.

1. There isn’t anybody in the garden.

2. I’ve got nothing to read.

3. She said something but I didn’t understand her.

4. Somebody has broken the window.

1. It’s (easy, easier, the easiest) to phone than to write a letter.

2. Sydney is (large, larger, the largest) city in Australia.

3. Money is important, but it isn’t (important, more important, the most important) thing in life.

4. Italy has (old, older, the oldest) population in the world.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Jane (will be, was, is) at home at the moment.

2. Where (are, was, were) you at 11 o’clock last Friday morning?

3. They (are, will be, were) engineers in 5 years.

4. Books (will be, were, are) expensive nowadays.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … a lot of snow in the forest.

2. … difficult to stop smoking.

3. I’m not going to buy this book. … too expensive.

4. … a vase on the floor in the corner of the room.

Задание № 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. Tina teaches mathematics to young children.

2. She met her friends yesterday evening.

3. The birds will eat the old bread left in the garden.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The kettle (boil). Can you turn it off, please?

2. Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.

3. The police (stop) him on his way home last night.

4. The sky is black. I think it (rain).

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Tom (smoke) ten cigarettes today.

2. Ron (study) very much this term.

3. It (snow) for two hours.

4. He (play) chess since he was eight.

1. John was working all day yesterday.

2. Ann works in a bank.

3. David went away 5 minutes ago.

4. Jill has lost her passport.

5. Next year Bill will be 25.

6. Tom is having a shower at the moment.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы.

1. Ann can speak Italian, but she can’t speak Spanish.

2. When you are driving you should wear a seat-belt.

3. You mustn’t walk on the grass.

4. It might rain this afternoon.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

The First Universities

Before the 12th century most people were illiterate. Reading and writing skills were not considered important or necessary. Monasteries were centres of education, and priests were the most educated people.

But with the development of such sciences as medicine and law, first universities appeared in Italy and France. A university had four faculties: Theology (the study of religion), Canon Law (church laws), Medicine and Art, which included Latin grammar, rhetoric (the art of making speeches), logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music.

In the middle of the 12th century a group of professors from France came to Britain and founded schools in the town of Oxford in 1168. It was the beginning of the first English university. A second university was formed in 1209 in Cambridge. Towards the end of the 13th century colleges appeared around the universities, where other subjects were studied.

Getting an education in those times was very difficult. Printing had not yet been invented, and all the books were hand-written. That’s why books were rare and very expensive. Only the richest people could afford buying books. If a man had twenty or thirty books, people said that he had a great library. Special rules existed for handling books. You were not to touch books with dirty hands or put them on the table at meal times.

Theology – теология (богословие)

Canon Law – церковное право

Rhetoric — риторика

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. Who were the most educated people in England before the 12th century?

2. Where did universities first appear in Europe?

3. Which four faculties did a medieval university have?

4. When and how was Oxford University founded?

5. Why were books rare and very expensive in those times?

Вариант № 6

1. I’m not hungry. I don’t want anything to eat.

2. Has anybody seen the bag?

3. Someone has forgotten the umbrella.

4. He’s busy. He’s got some work to do.

Задание № 2. Выберитеприлагательное в соответствующей степени сравнения. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Last night I went to bed (early, earlier, the earliest) than usual.

2. The speed of this plane is as (high, higher, the highest) as the speed of sound.

3. The film was very bad. I think it’s (bad, worse, the worst) film I’ve ever seen.

4. Is it (expensive, more expensive, the most expensive) to go by car or by train?

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. John (am, is, are) afraid of dogs.

2. This time last year I (were, was, will be) in Paris.

3. Today she is in Madrid. Tomorrow she (is, was, will be) at home.

4. Please, be quiet. I (were, are, am) working.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … dangerous to work in the road.

2. … a new restaurant in King Street.

3. … a good film on TV tonight.

4. … impossible to understand her.

Задание № 5. Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. The earth goes round the sun.

2. We invited them to our party.

3. I’ll meet you outside the hotel.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You look serious. What you (think) about?

2. When Karen arrived, we (have) dinner.

3. We (see) Rose in town a few days ago.

4. I think the weather (be) nice later.

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Jim is away on holiday. He (go) to Spain.

2. I didn’t know who she was. I never (see) her before.

3. She (play) tennis since she was eight.

4. The match (finish) by 10 o’clock.

Задание № 8. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную

форму. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

1. I have written several letters to my friends this week.

2. It had been snowing for a week when we came to the town.

3. He graduated from our faculty a year ago.

4. They are translating a very interesting article.

5. Our factory will have fulfilled the plan by the end of December.

6. I have been waiting for him for an hour.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. I looked everywhere for the book but I couldn’t find it.

2. I think the government should do more to help homeless people.

3. The windows are very dirty. I must clean them.

4. I can look through the newspapers if you need it.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Cambridge

Cambridge is situated at a distance of 70 miles from London. It is one of the most beautiful towns in England. The dominating factor in Cambridge is its well-known University, a centre of education and learning.

Newton, Byron, Darwin and many other scientists and writers were educated at Cambridge. It has 27 colleges. Every college is headed by a dean.

Cambridge is built on a river called the Cam. The University was founded in 1209.

Today, Cambridge is famous not only for its University but also because it is a very picturesque and ancient city. Many of its buildings are very old: some of them were built about 700 years ago. Some of the older buildings are covered with beautiful plants such as ivy. Many are surrounded by green lawns and multicoloured flower-beds. Although all the colleges belong to the same University, each has its own character and style. There are also many beautiful bridges across the Cam including the Mathematical Bridge and the Bridge of Signs.

Cambridge is a very pleasant city to live and study in. Since there are so many colleges, a large number of the city’s inhabitants are young students.

Sport plays a large part in university life. As Cambridge is on the river Cam, rowing seems to be the most popular sport. There are “boathouses” all along the river bank and early in the mornings you’ll see many students rowing, whatever the weather.

Foreign students from different countries enjoy their stay in Cambridge not only because of its beautiful sights, but because they have a chance to meet many English people of their own age.

to head – возглавлять

a dean – декан

ivy — плющ

a lawn – лужайка

a flower-bed — клумба

Bridge of Signs – мост Вздохов

boathouse – лодочный домик

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. Where is Cambridge situated?

2. It was founded in 1209, wasn’t it?

3. Why is Cambridge a picturesque city?

4. What plays a large part in University life?

5. Do foreign students enjoy their stay in Cambridge and why?

Вариант № 7

1. Grandpa doesn’t want anybody picking him up at the station. He likes to be independent.

2. It’s really easy to work on a computer, but, like anything, you need to work at it.

3. English and Americans often think of a pet as one of the family.

4. It’s a problem, isn’t it? Let’s try to work something out.

1. (good, better, the best) is a friend that is near, than a relative far off.

2. A university is (large, larger, the largest) than a college.

3. In the USA (common, more common, the most common) college degree among the others is a bachelor of arts.

4. Central Park, in the centre of Manhattan, is one of (popular, more popular, the most popular) parks in New York.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Marilyn (are, were, is) in great shape due to her regular aerobics classes.

2. The dog (will be, was, is) well trained and didn’t hurt anyone.

3. Better (were, will be, to be) alone than in bad company.

4. Kind words like good deeds (are, was, am) eternal, you never know where their influence will end.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Don’t be upset about being late. … another advanced computer class today at four o’clock.

2. …not easy to cook dinner for the entire family.

3. …nice weather. I decided to forget my problems and just enjoy this beautiful spring day.

4. In many apartment and office buildings in the U.S. … no 13th floor. The 14th floor follows the 12th .

1. We had a good day fishing in a lake.

2. Many large American cities have Thanksgiving Day parades.

3. You will have a little surprise on your birthday.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Taking care of a younger sister or brother children (learn) responsibility.

2. At the moment the girls (exercise) to music at the aerobics class.

3. Philip (graduate) from medical school in 1960 and from the University of Michigan in 1956.

4. Tomorrow from four to five o’clock the vice-president of the company (have) a meeting with a group of employees.

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I want to study journalism to be a reporter – a newspaperman. I (think) about it a lot lately.

2. Before I made an important decision on which college to go I (discuss) it with my parents.

3. By midnight the astronomers (watch) the lunar eclipse for two hours.

4. The Stewarts are going to the theatre tonight. Richard (make) a reservation for theatre tickets.

1. The mailman has just dropped some mail in our box.

2. Reading is one of the main ways of transmitting a culture from one generation to another.

3. The secretary offered a chair to the visitor.

4. The rain was beating on the windows.

5. The customer had been trying to draw the attention of a waiter for ten minutes.

6. The guests will be singing to the accompaniment of the piano at the party.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. You should give examples providing your point of view.

2. Friendship is a plant which must be often watered.

3. When travelling by train you can put your suitcase in the overhead rack.

4. Parents are often so busy with work and other responsibilities that they may not be able to spend much time with their children.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

The English Character

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired of saying “Thank you” and “I’m sorry”. They are generally disciplined; you never hear loud talk in the street. They do not rush for seats in buses and trains, but they take their seats in queues at bus stops. They will never shut the door in your face but will hold it open for you.

English people do not shake hands when meeting one another; they just smile and say “Hello!”

Englishmen do not show their emotions even in tragic situations. They seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

Most English love gardens and this is probably one reason why so many people wish to live in houses more than flats. They love flowers very much. The Englishman says “My house is my castle”, because he does not wish his doings to be overlooked by his neighbours.

It’s a tradition with English people to have a fireplace in their house. It is usually made of stone in a wall of a room and with a chimney in the wall. A chimney, therefore, is the main feature of almost every roof. The fireplace is the natural centre of interest in the room. In the evening when the members of the family come home, they like to gather round the fireplace and exchange the day’s experience. In recent years, however, many fireplaces have been modernized; they are gas or electric fireplaces.

The English people like animals very much. Pet dogs, cats, horses, ducks, chickens, canaries and other friends of man have a much better life in Britain than anywhere else. The English do all they can to make animals feel well in their homes and outside their homes too.

in queues – согласно очереди

a fireplace – камин

a chimney – дымоход

experience – впечатления

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. What people are Englishmen by nature?

2. They do not shake hands when meeting one another, do they?

3. When don’t they show their emotions?

4. Why do so many English people wish to live in houses more than flats?

5. Where do friends of man have a much better life than anywhere else?

Вариант № 8

1. Somebody has stolen the painting from the gallery.

2. We didn’t know the place but we found the way without any difficulty.

3. Has anyone seen the dog today? I don’t hear his barking.

4. It is known that her best films are her early ones.

1. After I’d washed my clothes they looked (old, older, the oldest) than before.

2. The mountain is said to be (high, higher, the highest) in South America.

3. The forest is (little, less, the least) than a mile away.

4. It was (boring, more boring, the most boring) story I’ve ever heard in my life.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The river (are, am, is) deep.

2. The role which he played in her life (were, was, will have been) significant.

3. We haven’t used much electricity this month. The bill is going (have been, will be, to be) not so big.

4. They (are, is, was) very much interested in the news.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … a dishwasher in the kitchen.

2. … necessary to know a password to start the computer.

3. … no point in trying to persuade Jill. She will never make up her mind.

4. Where’s the camera? … not in the cupboard.

1. The new safety system stops trains automatically.

2. I forgot about the meeting entirely.

3. She will write the questions on the blackboard.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Our son (send) us a postcard from every place he visits.

2. Last night when I turned on the radio the choir (sing) my favourite song.

3. At the moment medical staff (treat) the man in hospital for neck and arm injuries.

4. The wind speed (increase) tomorrow.

Задание № 7. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I (wait) for half an hour before the taxi came at last.

2. Mary doesn’t want any lunch. She (eat) already.

3. You look exhausted because you (work) all day.

4. By the end of this year the company (pay) the compensation for the damage done.

Задание № 8. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Выпишите из каждого глагол – сказуемое и определите его видовременную

форму. Напишите форму инфинитива глагола.

1. Millions of people all over the world travel every day.

2. Nowadays teenagers are not obeying their parents.

3. You will find a variety of sausages at the supermarket.

4. The registration had stopped long before the time of take-off.

5. My parents have been married for twenty-six years.

6. Vegetables and fruit looked very attractive.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. If the weather is cloudy airliners cannot fly.

2. At the restaurant you may reserve a table beforehand.

3. The modern manager must be able to analyze complex problems.

4. If we decide to save our money we can simply keep our money in a safe place.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Wales — a Land of Songs

In the west of Britain lies one of the most beautiful parts of the British Isles — Wales. The mountains and valleys in Wales are very beautiful. There are many sheep and cattle-farms in the green valleys. Central and North Wales are farming regions, while the valleys of South Wales are the industrial part of the country. They are rich in coal, and the mining villages have grown into busy towns around iron, chemical and oil works. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is also a big port. It exports a lot of coal.

Wales is a very popular place for spending holidays. Every year, thousands of people take their holidays at the seaside on the North Wales coast or, if they prefer, enjoy peace in villages far from town life. Some people choose Snowdonia. This is a national park around Snowdon, the highest peak in the Welsh mountains and it is ideal for walking or hiking holidays.

Wales has been called a Land of Song. The Welsh people are famous for their good voices and it is difficult to find a village where there is not at least one choir. Singers, dancers, musicians and poets come from all over the world to compete for the awards at music festivals in Wales. They often wear their colourful national costumes. At the festival Welsh girls wear their national dress — a tall black hat, a red skirt and a white apron. In summer, the streets of this small country are full of visitors speaking many languages. One of the foreign languages heard will be English, because in North Wales many of the people speak Welsh as their native language. Today only about a quarter of the Welsh population speaks this old language as their first language, but many more who use English can understand Welsh as well. Welsh people are proud of national language. In many of their schools they now use and teach their national language.

a valley – долина

the mining villages – шахтерские поселки

works – заводы

walking or hiking holidays – занятия пешим туризмом во время отдыха

a choir — хор

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. Where does Wales lie?

2. Is Cardiff a big port?

3. Wales is a very popular place for spending holidays, isn’t it?

4. Why has Wales been called a Land of Song?

5. What language do many people speak in North Wales?

Вариант № 9

Задание № 1. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, подчеркните неопределенные местоимения.

1. There isn’t anything on TV tonight.

2. Jack hasn’t anyone to help him.

3. There is somebody at the door. Can you go and open the door.

4. One has to take foreign passport if he goes abroad.

Задание № 2. Выберите прилагательные в соответствующей степени сравнения. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Honesty is (the best, better, more better) policy.

2. The (oldest, older, elder)...men declare war. But it is the youth that fight and die.

3. Of two evils choose the...(less, little, least).

4. What’s the (later, latest, last) news of today?

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Draughts (are, is, be) not a complicated game.

2. Scissors (am, are, is) a small tool with two sharp blades screwed together.

3. What (am, are, was) his politics? — He supported the Labour party.

4. There (is, are, has been) millions of stars within our galaxy.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.…a fine day. Everything goes right.

2.…a big crowd at the station tonight.

3…. not a passion so strongly rooted in the human heart as envy.

4. Civilization will never flow backward while ...youth in the world.

Задание № 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте эти предложения в вопросительную и в отрицательную форму.

1. The city of Montreal covers 70 square miles.

2. Scientists in many different countries are working to explain its mystery.

3. Recently BBC experts have invented a new system that lets the deaf understand television programs.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I usually (leave) work before 8 o’clock.

2. John (paint) the garage at the moment.

3. My mum (watch TV) when I came home.

4. He (work) as an engineer.

Задание № 7. . Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Some time ago Jill’s hair was long but now it is short. She (cut) it.

2. Our mother (cook) the dinner before we all returned.

3. We were late for the airport. The plane (start) two minutes before we came.

4. Are you still listening to music? You (listen) to it since I left for work in the morning.

1. All historical places of London are in the West End.

2. I have not seen Bill for a long time.

3. Can you hear a bird singing?

4. Many different languages are spoken in Europe.

5. She has been studying in the library for hours.

6. There were so many cars in the street that we could not find a parking space.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorcycle.

2. I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

3. She got this job because she can speak five languages.

4. There were no buses yesterday evening. We had to walk home.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Invention

Invention (device or process) is creation of new devices, objects, ideas, or procedures useful in accomplishing human objectives. The process of invention is invariably preceded by one or more discoveries that help the inventor solve the problem at hand. A discovery may be accidental, such as the discovery of X- rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen while he was experimenting with cathode rays, or induced, such as the invention of the lightning rod by Benjamin Franklin after he proved that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.

Early inventors were usually isolated and unable to support themselves through their inventions. In some cases, although two individuals working independently achieved the same innovation simultaneously, only one was recognized for the discovery. For example, the American inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell applied for a patent on the telephone on the same day. Credit for the discovery of the calculus was fought for bitterly by the English scientist and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton and the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Today most modern inventions and discoveries take place in large research organizations supported by universities, government agencies, private industries, or privately endowed foundations. Because of this, ascribing any single invention to a specific person has become difficult.

an invention — изобретение

creation — создание

a discovery — открытие

to support — поддерживать

research — исследование

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. What is invention?

2. Can the discovery be accidental?

3. Early inventors were not usually isolated and unable to support themselves through their inventions, were they?

4. Where do most modern inventions and discoveries take place?

5. Why has ascribing any single invention to a specific person become difficult?

Вариант № 10

1. Have you got any objections?

2. I don’t know about it; ask somebody else.

3. I got the book without any difficulty.

4. I have nothing to read.

1. If you require (further, farther, the furthest) information or assistance, ask at your local station.

2. Actions speak (more louder, the loudest, louder) than words.

3. Hotels are becoming (more expensive, the most expensive, expensiver) nowadays.

4. The damage to the car could be (bad, worse, the worst) than we expected.

Задание № 3. Выберите нужную форму глагола to be и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. There (is, are, was) ten pens and a magazine on the table.

2. All historical places of London (had been, were, are) in the West End.

3. He was considered (to be, to have been, was) a good teacher.

4. Two pilots (were, was, are) on the plane when it crashed.

Задание № 4. Вставьте there ’ s или it ’ s . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … a stove in the kitchen.

2. … evident that people want peace.

3. … no point in trying to persuade Jane. She will never make up her mind.

4. Where’s the chair? … not in the living room.

Задание № 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Поставьте эти предложения в вопросительную и в отрицательную форму .

1. In the year 1620 a ship named the ‘Mayflower’ brought 120 Englishmen to the rocky coast of America.

2. Spaceships, computers and even an Egyptian mummy are among the many thousands of objects in the Science Museum’s world famous collection.

3. They became successful businessmen.

Задание № 6. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Simple ( Indefinite ) или Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Mary (meet) her friends at a cafe every weekend.

2. The Whites have bought a new flat. They (move in) at the moment.

3. My mum (cook) when I came home.

4. All the evening yesterday we (watch) a very interesting film.

Задание № 7. . Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, во времена групп Perfect или Perfect Continuous . Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Someone (switch) on the TV.

2. He is the most interesting person I ever (meet).

3. I am tired now. I (clean) the house all morning.

4. When we arrived at the station, our train (leave).

1. He has been learning French since he was five.

2. I know you are taking an advanced geography course now.

3. It has been raining since early morning.

4. BBC experts invented a new system that lets the deaf understand television programmes.

5. By the sixteenth century a new economic system had replaced feudalism.

6. The number of people without work is rising very fast.

Задание № 9. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Подчеркните модальные глаголы .

1. I was so tired but I could not sleep.

2. I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

3. You should wash your hands before cooking.

4. I must hurry.

Задание № 10. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Ecological Problems

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crisis.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

ancient — древний

harmony — гармония

environment — окружающая среда

to interfere — вмешиваться

to increase — увеличиваться, возрастать

smoky — дымный

by-product — побочный продукт

Задание № 11. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них.

1. How did people live for thousands of years?

2. What cities appear all over the world today?

3. What pollutes the air we breathe?

4. What is the result of the pollution the atmosphere?