Реферат: Г. В. Плеханова английский язык учебно-методическое пособие

Министерство образования Российской Федерации


Российская экономическая академия имени Г. В. Плеханова


АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебно-методическое пособие
для дистанционной формы обучения

Часть 3


Второе издание


Москва 2004


Составители: И. Л. Э к а р е в а

К. В. Т р о с т и н а

М. Г. Ф е д о т о в а

О. А. Д а н ь к о

О. В. П е т р о в а

Е. И. Т и х о н о в а


Английский язык: учебно-методическое пособие для дистанционной формы обучения. / Составители: И.Л. Экарева,
К.В. Тростина, М.Г. Федотова и др. 2-е изд.– М.: Изд-во Рос. экон. акад., 2004. Ч. 3. – 211 с.


В пособии излагаются материалы по темам: "Food and Cookery", "Science and technology", "Global problems", "Politics", "Law and Order, Crime", "Russia", а также грамматические темы.

Для студентов дистанционной формы обучения.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

^ КАЛЕНДАРНО-ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЛАН
ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ "АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК" 5

1. Food and Cookery
(еда и кулинария) 6

2. Science and technology
(наука и техника) 25

^ 3. Global problems
(глобальные проблемы) 41

4. Politics
(политика) 53

5. Law & Order, Crime
(закон и порядок, преступления) 65

6. RUSSIA 77

Geographical position
(географическое положение) 77

^ 7. Government
(правительство) 86

8. Economy
(экономика) 96

9. Moscow
(Москва) 107

10. Russian culture
(русская культура) 117

11. Saint Petersburg
(Санкт-Петербург) 126

^ 12. Famous Russian Person: Peter the Great
(Петр Великий ) 137

13. Famous Russian Person: Sakharov
(Сахаров) 144

GRAMMAR 153

1.Present Perfect Continuous tense
(настоящее свершенное длительное время) 153

^ 2. The Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect Tenses
(настоящее свершенное длительное время и настоящее свершенное время) 156

3. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(прошедшее свершенное длительное время) 157

^ 4. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
(будущее свершенное длительное время) 161

5. The Participle
(Причастие) 164

6. The Possessive Case
(притяжательный падеж существительных) 176

KEYS 179

LIST OF REFERENCES
(библиографический список) 211



^ КАЛЕНДАРНО-ТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ ПЛАН
ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ "АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК"
В соответствии с учебным планом дисциплина "Английский язык" рассчитана на 17 недель обучения в третьем семестре второго курса.

Недели

Лексическая тема

Грамматическая тема

1

Food and Cookery (еда и кулинария)

Present Perfect Continuous Tense (настоящее свершенное длительное время)

2

Science and Technology (наука и техника)

3

The Present Perfect Continuous and the Present Perfect Tenses (настоящее свершенное длительное время и настоящее свершенное время)

4

Global Problems
(глобальные проблемы)

5

6

Politics (политика)

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (прошедшее свершенное длительное время)

7

Law & Order, Crime
(закон и порядок, преступления)

8

Контрольная работа № 5.

9

Russia. Geographical Position (географическое положение)

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (будущее свершенное длительное время)

10

Russia. Government (правительство)

11

Russia. Economy (экономика)

The Participle (причастие)

12

Moscow (Москва)

13

Russian Culture
(русская культура)

14

Saint Petersburg
(Санкт-Петербург)

The Possessive Case (притяжательный падеж существительных)

15

Famous Russian Person: Peter the Great (Петр Великий)

16

Famous Russian Person: Sakharov (Сахаров)

17

Зачетная контрольная работа № 6



TOPICS ^ 1. Food and Cookery
(еда и кулинария)
Cooking is the art and science of preparing food for eating by the application of heat. The term also includes the full range of culinary techniques: preparing raw and cooked foods for the table; final dressing of meats, fish, and fowl; cleaning and cutting fruits and vegetables; preparing salads; garnishing dishes; decorating desserts; and planning meals.

The origins of cooking are not very clear. Primitive humans may first have tried roast meat by chance, when the flesh of a beast killed in a forest fire was found to be easier to chew and digest than the customary raw meat. They probably did not deliberately cook food, though, until long after they had learned to use fire for light and warmth. Then they started to use shells, skulls, or hollowed stones to heat liquids. Later pottery began to be used.

Culinary techniques improved with the domestication of animals and the cultivation of edible plants. Now milk and dairy products were on the menu. The cooking techniques of boiling, stewing, braising, and perhaps even primitive forms of pickling, frying, and oven baking were added. Early cooks probably had already learned to preserve meats and fish by smoking, salting, air-drying, or chilling.

The discovery of America has profoundly influenced worldwide cooking and brought to European use such products as chocolate, vanilla, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, peppers, and many other foods unknown elsewhere before the late 15th century. More recently, science has seriously influenced food technology. Now at our kitchens we have pressure cookers, microwave ovens, frozen foods, convenience foods, and use food additives, substitutes, and extenders. We also like to go out to canteens, cafes and restaurants for a meal. Fast-food chain restaurants are also considered to be food service systems.

Modern food service systems usually prepare whole meals in a central facility, package them in such a way that they remain fresh for the necessary period of time, and distribute them to dining rooms. Recipes are standard; and the preparation of the food itself takes place in assembly-line fashion, using sophisticated, sometimes computerized, pressure cookers, fryers, grills, and ovens. Preservation techniques include fast freezing, precooking, and dehydrating.

The phenomenal growth of fast-food chains since the 1950s is in large part the result of the same new technologies. All of food is sent in a ready-to-cook state: hamburgers and fish are already portioned and shaped, potatoes are ready-cut for frying, portions of pie are packaged in containers for special microwave ovens.

No matter what technological advances have been made, cookery today is basically what it has been since Neolithic times. People still roast, grill, and bake their foods, using dry-heat techniques known for countless millennia. They still saute food in small amounts of fat, fry food in deep fat, boil food in liquids, and stew and braise food in lesser amounts of liquid, as people have done since the invention of pottery.
^ Topical Vocabulary
food

еда, пища

to feed (fed, fed)

кормить

cooking

кухня, готовка

cooking

столовый, кухонный

to cook

варить, стряпать, готовить (пищу)

cookery

кулинария, стряпня

cooked

приготовленный (не сырой, о еде)

raw

сырой

fresh

свежий

a cook

повар, кок, кухарка

a chief

шеф-повар

a cooker

плита, печь

to prepare

готовить, приготавливать

preparation

приготовление

to eat

есть

to chew

жевать

to digest

переваривать

an application

применение

heat

жар

technique

техника (прием, навык)

to dress

заправлять (салаты)

to garnish

гарнировать, делать гарнир

to decorate

украшать

to boil

варить

to stew

тушить, варить

to braise

тушить

to pickle

мариновать

to fry

жарить

to bake

печь

to preserve

консервировать

preserved

консервированный

to smoke

коптить

to salt

солить

to air-dry

сушить

to chill

охлаждать

saute

соте

frozen food

замороженная пища

fast freezing

быстрая заморозка

convenience food

пищевой полуфабрикат

food additives

пищевые добавки

substitutes

заменители

a kitchen

кухня (помещение)

a pressure cooker

скороварка, пароварка

a microwave oven

микроволновая печь

pottery

керамика, гончарное дело

a fryer

жаровня

a frying pan

сковорода

grill

гриль

catering trade

предприятия общественного питания

a canteen

столовая

a cafe

кафе

a restaurant

ресторан

fast-food

"быстрая еда"

a dining room

столовая (комната)

a menu

меню

meal

еда, трапеза (завтрак…)

a dish

посуда, блюдо; кушанье, блюдо

a recipe

рецепт

milk

молоко

dairy product

молочные продукты

cheese

сыр

a dessert

десерт

chocolate

шоколад

vanilla

ваниль

corn

кукуруза

a pie

пирог

fruit

фрукт, фрукты

an apple

яблоко

an orange

апельсин

a lemon

лимон

a strawberry

клубника

a peach

персик

a melon

дыня

a watermelon

арбуз

a pear

груша

a banana

банан

grapes

виноград

a pineapple

ананас

a cherry

черешня

a vegetable

овощ

a vegetarian

вегетарианец

an edible plant

съедобное растение

potato

картофель

green beans

стручковый зеленый горошек

peas

зеленый горошек

carrot

морковь

cauliflower

цветная капуста

pepper

перец

cabbage

капуста (белокочанная)

aubergine

баклажан

mushrooms

грибы

courgette

кабачок

a salad

салат (из многих ингредиентов)

lettuce

салат (зеленый)

tomato

томат, помидор

a cucumber

огурец

vinegar

уксус

oil

растительное масло

fat

жир

liquid

жидкость

liquid

жидкий

fowl

птица (домашняя)

meat

мясо

beef

говядина

a cow

корова

a calf

теленок

veal

телятина

a lamb

барашек

lamb

баранина

a pig

свинья

pork

свинина

fish

рыба

seafood

"дары моря"

shellfish

моллюск

a shrimp

креветка

salmon

лосось, семга

oyster

устрица

lobster

омар

mussels

мидии
Vocabulary
an origin

происхождение

a human

человек

to heat

подогревать

to add

добавлять

a discovery

открытие

profoundly

значительно, глубоко

a facility

сооружение, условия

to distribute

распространять

an assembly-line fashion


конвейерным методом (здесь)

sophisticated

хитроумный

an advance

успех, достижение
1.1. Найдите в тексте перевод следующих слов и выражений:
искусство и наука приготовления пищи;

возможно впервые попробовали;

случайно;

привычное сырое мясо;

начали использовать ракушки, черепа и пустотелые камни;

одомашнивание животных;

разведение (культивирование) съедобных растений;

в меню;

дало Европе использование таких продуктов как;

технология производства (приготовления) пищи;

чтобы поесть;

рестораны "быстрого питания";

упаковывать таким образом;

оставаться свежим;

рецепты стандартные;

компьютеризованный;

технологии сохранения;

феноменальный рост;

в готовом к приготовлению состоянии;

уже порезаны для жарки;

Не имеет значения, какие технологические достижения были сделаны,…;

со времен Неолита;

известны бессчетное количество тысячелетий;

в небольших количествах.
1.2. Найдите синонимы к данным словам в тексте:
to prepare;

chilled;

technique;

deeply;

lately;

water;

stew;

10 centuries.
1.3. Найдите антонимы к данным словам в тексте:
raw;

advanced;

to chill;

darkness;

cold;

known;

home-cooked meal;

easy, simple.
1.4. После ознакомления с текстом, согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими утверждениями (True/False Statements):
Cooking is a science.

We can only guess how primitive people began to cook.

Raw meat is easier to chew.

First people used shells to cook in.

People domesticated animals to get meat and milk.

Edible plants are grown for animals.

Cooking techniques haven’t changed much since ancient times.

Early cooks never salted meat.

People of Europe didn’t know tomatoes and potatoes till 15th century.

Science has had profound effect on cooking.

We use convenience food more rarely than a century ago.

Fast-food was very popular in the 1950s.

There are a lot of preservation techniques now.

Hamburgers are served at fast food chains.
1.5. Совместите определение из левой колонки со словом из правой колонки:
a plan of meals;

to influence;

a worker of kitchen;

dairy products;

edible plants;

vegetables;

people, which don’t eat meat;

a menu;

milk, cheese;

a meal;

a sweet dish;

a vegetarian;

to have effect;

a dish;

breakfast, supper, dinner;

a cook;

food, served on a plate;

a dessert;

a description of how to cook a dish.

a recipe
1.6. Определите, какое слово лишнее в группе продуктов:
pork, veal, salmon, beef;

salmon, shrimp, oyster, lobster;

lettuce, aubergine, tomato, cucumber;

peach, onion, mushroom, courgette;

chicken, lamb, beef, mussels.
1.7. Совместите определение из левой колонки со словом из правой колонки:
a grand meal for a lot of people on a special occasion;

a buffet;

not cooked enough;

a banquet;

a meal when people help themselves to food laid out on a table, and often eat standing up;

overcooked;

cooks in a restaurant or hotel;

undercooked;

a restaurant in a factory, office, school etc.;

raw;

offers a service providing food and drink for special occasions;

a chef;

uncooked;

a caterer;

cooked too much;

a cafe;

a restaurant offering simple meals and snacks.

a canteen.
^ 1.8. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных предлогов подходящие по смыслу:
To, at, down, of, for, out, in, up.

I asked … the menu.

I like to eat … .

He took … my order.

I prefer a simple cafe … a big restaurant.

I like to go … self-service places.

Let's invite the Smiths … dinner.

I looked … the menu.

I'm very fond … Chinese food

Could you help me set … the plates?

Put the used cutlery … the sink.

I'll wash them … later.
^ 1.9. Entertaining at home. Прочитайте рассказ. Заполните пропуски в тексте, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
Cutlery, vegetarian, diet, crockery, side dish, starter, napkin, entertaining, sink, main course, washing up, dessert.

Maureen often gives dinner parties at home. She loves …1… . She lays the table: puts the …2… in the right places, sets out the plates and puts a clean white …3… at each place. For the meal itself, she usually gives her guests some kind of …4… first, for example soup or melon. Next comes the …5…, which is usually meat (unless some of her guests are …6… or if they're on a special …7…) with a …8… of salad. For …9… it's usually fruit or ice-cream, and then coffee. When everyone has gone home, she must think about doing the …10…, as in the kitchen the …11… is full of dirty …12…
^ 1.10. Eating out. Прочитайте рассказ. Заполните пропуски в тексте, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
Bill, fast food, cookery books, eat out, recipe, dish, menu, take-away, ingredients, waiter, snack, tip.

I'm a terrible cook. I've tried hard but it's no use. I've got lots of …1…, I choose a …2… I want to cook, I read the …3… I prepare all the necessary …4… and follow the instructions. But the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick …5… . So I often …6… . I don't like grand restaurants. It's not the expense, it's just that I don't feel at ease in them. First the …7… gives me a …8… which I can't understand because it's complicated and has lots of foreign words. At the end of the meal when I pay the …9… I never know how much to leave as a …10… . I prefer …11… places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once and sit down and eat straightaway. And I like …12 places, where you buy a meal in a special container and take it home.
^ 1.11. Переведите реплики и диалоги с русского на английский язык:
Приглашение на обед

Как вы относитесь к тому, чтобы пойти в новый ресторан?

Неплохая идея… цены там умеренные.

Я голоден. Я предлагаю пойти в ресторан.

Вы часто питаетесь не дома?

Сегодня мой день рождения и я приглашаю тебя в ресторан.


Как заказать столик в ресторане

Я г-н Спенсер. Я заказал столик на сегодня.

Мы бы хотели заказать столик на завтра на вечер.

На какое время?

Приблизительно на 8.

Мы бы хотели столик на двоих в тихом месте.

Вас устроит боковой столик?

Да, вполне.

Выбор блюд

Давайте для начала выпьем.

Какое у вас сегодня фирменное блюдо?

Что вы хотели бы: вино или минеральную воду?

Они здесь готовят замечательное мясное ассорти.

Что вы считаете лучше взять на гарнир: овощи или пюре?


Десерт

Закажем бренди на десерт.

Я очень люблю шоколадное мороженое.

Что лучше: мороженое или фрукты?

Я знаю, что вы предпочитаете кофе чаю.


Как расплатиться по счету в ресторане

Я обычно плачу наличными.

Вы будете платить по кредитной карточке?

Давайте оплатим счет поровну.

Не забудьте дать ему чаевые. 5 фунтов будет достаточно.
^ 1.12. Food and drink. Прочитайте рассказ. Заполните пропуски в тексте, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
‘(0) I’m not very hungry. I think I'll skip the first (1) ........... I'll order just one (2) ........... . I don't want the (3) .........., but I might have (4) ........., (5) ........., (6) ......... or (7) ...........’

‘You eat (8) ..........,’ Anita said to me. ‘It isn't good for you to have so much (9) ........... I'm going to have (10) ...........’ ‘I'll have a (11) ..........,’ I said. ‘I hope it will be (12) ...........’

‘I'll start with (13) .......... and (14) ..........,’ Anita said. ‘This is a wonderful (15) ..........,’ she added, looking round. ‘The (16) .......... very good here.’

My meat was very (17) .........., but a bit (18) ........... ‘I should have chosen (19) .......... beef,’ I said. ‘I really prefer meat done in the (20) ...........’

Anyway, we enjoyed the meal and finished with (21) .......... sorbet and (22) .........., followed by (23) .......... which was rather (24) ...........

‘The (25) .......... was quite reasonable,’ I said, as we were leaving. ‘We should come here more often.’

Anita didn't agree. ‘From tomorrow,’ she said, ‘we'll both be back on a (26) .........!’



0 a)I haven't much hunger;

b) I'm not very hungry.

1 a) course;

b) dish;

c) plate.

2 a) plate;

b) dish.

3 a) menu;

b) cart;

c) dish of the day.

4 a) fowl;

b) chicken;

c) poultry;

d) hen.

5 a) sheep;

b) lamb.

6 a) beef;

b) bullock;

c) ox.

7 a) hog;

b) pig;

c) pork.

8 a) too many meats;

b) too much meat.

9 a) flesh;

b) meat.

10 a) fish;

b) fishes.

11 a) beef;

b) steak.

12 a) tender;

b) soft.

13 a) bouillon;

b) soup.

14 a) a bread;

b) a roll.

15 a) canteen;

b) restaurant.

16 a) foods are;

b) food is;

c) kitchen is.

17 a) tasty;

b) tasteful.

18 a) hard;

b) tough.

19 a) roasted;

b) roast;

c) toasted.

20 a) furnace;

b) oven.

21 a) citron;

b) lemon.

22 a) fruits;

b) fruit.

23 a) cafe;

b) coffee.

24 a) strong;

b) stark.

25 a) addition;

b) reckoning;

c) bill.

26 a) diet;

b) system;

c) regime.



^ 1.13. Food. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
Part A

1. Tomatoes are very nice …

a) filled;

b) stuffed.


2. A … is a piece of furniture in a dining room.


a) sideboard;


b) buffet.

3. A light meal is …

a) a collation;

b) a snack.

4. We can speak of the con… of food.

a) summation;

b) sumption.

5. The first course is …

a) an entree;

b) a starter.

6. A large meal for important guests …

a) a feast;

b) a banquet.

7. Weigh it on the kitchen …

a) scales;

b) balance.

8. Boil the milk in this small …

a) saucepan;

b) casserole.

9. Food becomes this in a deep freeze …

a) congealed;

b) frozen.

10. … a little butter in a pan.

a) Dissolve;

b) Melt.

11. The salad has been dressed … oil.

a) in;

b) with.

12. Vegetables should be stored in a … place.

a) fresh;

b) cool.

13. I love … salmon.

a) smoked;

b) fumed.

14. I have a very good … for onion soup.

a) receipt;

b) recipe.

15. Please … a couple of lemons for me.

a) squeeze;

b) press.

16. I must consult the … for the food mixer.

a) directions;

b) instructions.

17. … some of that pie for me, won't you?

a) Reserve;

b) Save.

18. What shall I do with the …?

a) remainders;

b) leftovers.

19. Do you want your food … or not?

a) with sauce;

b) saucy.

20. The toast has been …

a) scalded;

b) burnt.


Part B

1. … two egg whites until they're stiff.

a) Hit;

b) Beat.

2. … some butter on your toast while it's hot.

a) Spread;

b) Stretch.

3. You can't stop … coming out of a kettle!

a) steam;

b) vapour.

4. Here's a packet of … biscuits.

a) assorted;

b) matching.

5. These apples have …

a) gone bad;

b) decayed.

6. These peaches are the finest. They're …

a) extra;

b) best quality.

7. That fruit salad smells …

a) delicate;

b) delicious.

8. You should avoid all … foods.

a) processed;

b) artificial.

9. These peaches need a couple of days to …

a) mature;

b) ripen.

10. Get me some … steak from the butcher's.

a) lean;

b) meagre.

11. Don't pour … sauce over everything.

a) hot;

b) piquant.

12. I prefer … grilled fish without sauce.

a) plain;

b) simple.

13. This milk has …

a) gone sour;

b) soured.

14. You can't live … a diet of nuts.

a) with;

b) on.

15. We felt quite … after a good meal.

a) rejuvenated;

b) restored.

16. You'll rot your teeth … sweets!

a) licking;

b) sucking.

17. An excellent meal! My compliments to the …

a) chief;

b) chef.

18. Shall we … a pudding?

a) order;

b) command.

19. … the dish first before you comment.

a) Taste;

b) Probe.

20. … the dish first before you comment.

a) Try;

b) Try on.
^ 1.14. Совместите определение из левой колонки со словом из правой колонки:
0) an apparatus for cooking food, especially meat, over an open fire;

0 barbecue;




1) strong wine from Jerez, Spain;

1 alcohols;

31 kernel;

2) sweet spiced mixture of raisins and candied fruit;


2 biscuit;

32 maroon;

3 cherry;

33 mash;

3) potatoes that have been boiled then crushed to make them soft;

4 chestnuts;

34 mincemeat;

5 chicken;

35 minced beef;

4) fruit boiled with sugar;

6 chips;

36 pasta;

5) sardines come in one of these;

7 compost;

37 pastry;

6) a cake with fresh cream filling;

8 conserve;

38 peel;

7) any type of macaroni;

9 cream cake;

39 pip;

8) you'd put this on a salad;

10 crisps;

40 poultry;

9) the word in British English for thin fried slices of potato in packets;

11 currants;

41 preservative;

12 damask;

42 preserve;

10) these are often roasted in winter;

13 damson;

43 prune;

11) a substance added to food to prevent it from going bad;

14 delicacy;

44 pudding;

15 delicatessen;

45 puree;

12) a general word for birds reared for food;

16 desert;

46 raisins;

17 dessert;

47 sauce;

13) the hard outside of a nut;

18 dressing;

48 shell;

14) large dried grapes;

19 fat;

49 sherry;

15) a dried plum;

20 flan;

50 skewer;

16) pieces of meat grilled on a skewer;

21 fowl;

51 skin;

17) a general word for butter, margarine, seed oil, etc.;

22 french fries;

52 spirit;

23 gateaux;

53 spirits;

18) caviar would be considered to be this;

24 grapes;

54 spit;

25 gravy;

55 sponge cake;

19) you would use the juice from roast meat to make this;

26 grease;

56 stewed fruit;

27 grill;

57 stone;

20) Christmas ... is a sweet dish;

28 hen;

58 sultanas;

21) if you crushed fruit to feed to a baby you would turn it into this;

29 juice;

59 tart;

30 kebab;

60 tin.

22) you might do this to a tin before using it to bake cakes or biscuits in the oven;







23) a metal shelf on which food, especially meat, is cooked from above or below;







24) distilled drinks like gin or whisky can be called this.






^ 1.15. Food idioms. В английском языке много идиоматических выражений, в которых употребляются названия продуктов.
A. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных названий подходящие (некоторые слова можно употребить несколько раз):

Milk, cake, salt, butter, nuts, hotcakes, turkey, peanuts, icing, baloney.

1. They're selling like.........

2. Last Christmas I quit smoking – cold.........

3. You can't have your........ and eat it, too.

4. It's a piece of.........

5. You just have to take what he says with a grain of.........

6. Go ahead and........ it for all it's worth.

7. She was just trying to........ him up.

8. That's the........ on the cake.

9. You're........ if you quit your job now.

10. We work long hours and get paid.........

11. That's a bunch of.........

12. Oh, well. No use crying over spilled.........


В. Совместите определение идиом из упражнения В с идиомами из упражнения А:

a) having a choice between one good situation or the other, but wanting to choose both;

b) No problem. An easy task;

c) take full advantage of what a given situation has to offer;

d) to try to make someone feel good because that person has something you want;

e) an item that has experienced much success;

f) to concern yourself with something that has already happened has no purpose;

g) sometimes what a person says should not be taken too seriously;

h) everything else is very good, but what has just been referred to is the best part;

i) making a very low salary;

j) what you say is not true at all;

k) to completely and immediately extinguish a vice;

l) to be crazy.
^ 1.16. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
1. Indian food's too spicy for my..........

a) appetite; b) desire; c) flavor; d) taste.

2. You do the cooking and I'll wash the dishes..........

a) in return; b) by return; c) in revenge; d) to reciprocate.

3. Air, food and water are........ to life.

a) indispensable; b) inevitable; c) indisputable; d) indestructible.

4. The inconvenience of going on a diet is........ by the benefits.

a) overbalanced; b) outranked; c) overthrown; d) outweighed.

5. The kitchen has been designed so that all the things you need are conveniently..........

a) at hand; b) in hand; c) by hand; d) out of hand.

6. When our waiter brings the check, I'll........ how much money I should leave for the tip.

a) come up to; b) figure out; c) cut down on; d) take out.

7. I really don't feel like cooking, so I think I'll eat........ tonight.

a) around; b) out; c) away; d) up.

8. You'd better not drink too much of that stuff. It's extremely..........

a) lethal; b) toxic; c) potent; d) fatal.

9. If you want to lose weight, you should........ the number of sweets and chocolates you eat.

a) come down with; b) take out of; c) cut down on; d) watch out for.

10. Chocolate cake's an irresistible temptation for somebody who's got a sweet..........

a) appetite; b) palate; c) taste; d) tooth.

11. If there's no coffee left, we'll have to........ tea.

a) do up with; b) make do with; c) do away with; d) make up with.

12. The tomatoes are still green – they aren't........ yet.

a) developed; b) mature; c) ripe; d) seasoned.


13. If there's one thing I can't........ it's soggy vegetables.

a) appeal to; b) bare; c) support; d) bear.

14. The pudding was so delicious I had a second..........

a) go; b) helping; c) plate; d) serving.
^ 1.17. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу:
Add, additives, beat the eggs, list of ingredients, boil, dressing, breakfast cereal, local market, empty, simmer, fast food, low-calorie spread, stir, spices, main course, peel the potatoes, taste, vegetarian, specialty, slice of toast.

1. The ... was so filling that I don't think I've got any room for a dessert.

2. I have to watch my figure so I use a ... instead of butter.

3. Over 5 million servings of the nation's favourite ... are eaten every day.

4. At the beginning of every recipe you'll find a ... like?

5. It certainly looks good but what does it ...

6. He's a ..., so this limits the choice of things we can offer him.

7. If you could ..., I'll see to the other vegetables.

8. You must ... thoroughly when you make an omelette.

9. Food bought at the ... is usually much fresher.

10. He loves every kind of ..., especially enormous hamburgers.

11. To make soup from a packet you ... the contents into a saucepan, ... water, ... well, bring the mixture to the ... and allow to ... for five minutes.

12. Fish soup is a ... of this region.

13. The ... on the salad was a little too rich for me.

14. Do you want another ... or can I put the bread away?

15. Some ... are used only to make the food more attractive.

16. In many countries, herbs and ... are often used to add flavor to a dish.
^ 1.18. Заполните пропуски в тексте, выбрав из предложенных слов подходящие по смыслу:
Bowl, melt, rest, stir, batter, ingredients, serve, turn, beat, keep, sift, break, pour, stick.

1................. for 8 pancakes (125 g flour, about 1 cup milk, half teaspoon salt, fat for frying, 1 egg).

Method: To avoid getting lumps, …2… the flour and salt into a …3… and make a well in the middle. …4… half the milk into the well and …5… the egg into it. …6… from the middle, gradually mixing in the flour from the sides. Add the …7… of the milk and …8… thoroughly so that everything is well mixed.

…9… a little fat in the bottom of a frying pan. Move it around so that the bottom is evenly covered. When the pan is hot, pour in a little of the …10… . Cook for a minute or two, shaking the pan so that the pancake doesn't …11… When it is brown underneath, …12… the pancake over and finish cooking. If you don't want to eat it immediately, …13… it on a warm plate in the oven. …14… with the topping of your choice.
^ 1.19. Ответьте на вопросы. Напишите сочинение, используя слова и выражения приведенные ниже:
How important is food in your country?

In my country ………… is/are more common than ……….

In my country …………is/are more expensive than……….

In my country a mixed salad usually contains ………………….

In my country we don’t grow …………

And we don’t often eat ………….

What kind of food do/don't you like?

Personally, I prefer …………….. to …………

I love ………… but I don’t really like ………….

My favourite meat is ……………..

Describe how to make your favorite dish or a traditional dish from your country.

One of our local/national dishes is called …………..

It's (quite/very) spicy/strong ..............

It's made from ..........................................................
^ 2. Science and technology
(наука и техника)
Nothing has changed our lives more than science. Without it we would have no up-to-date means of transportation, no medicines, no communication systems, no industries, no modern clothing, no civilisation!

It's common knowledge that ancient Greeks did much to contribute to the cause of science. Among great Greek scientists one should mention Hippocrates who is considered the father of modern medicine; Pythagoras, Aristotle and Ptolemy worked out theories of logic and mathematics. Archimedes and Euclid are famous for their work in mathematics and physics, they also developed the fundamentals of geometry. Since ancient times science has made tremendous progress and now we may speak about space-travel, heart transplants, artificial intellect, lasers and so on. People have always been curious. They have always felt the need to explore, to move forward. Some aspects of modern science are harmful. Others are miracles.

Science and progress are linked with the development of the printing process. The invention of printing machine marked a new stage of scientific development.

A few decades ago people didn't ever hear of computers, and today we can’t even imagine life without them. We are already in the society in which computers are widely available to anyone. They can be used today for practically anything from children's game to space travel. How can a computer help business? A computer is invaluable aid whether your job involves finance, correspondence, record keeping or planning. Computers have a variety of different uses. You can use a system to calculate the wages of the employees, to store all sorts of information, and keep accounts. The benefit of using a computer is in its speed, reliability and capacity for storing large quantities of data.

It is now believed that we use only 1% of our brains full potential. How do we learn languages? We still do not know exactly how this is done. One thing is evident: as long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power, the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.

The more science and technology develop, the more wonderful facts the scientists learn about nature. There are a lot of things for the scientists to find out and solve!
Vocabulary
science

наука

scientist

ученый

up-to-date = modern

современный

ancient

древний, старинный

a means

средство, способ

communication

общение, связь

clothing

одежда

a civilisation

цивилизация

It's common knowledge…

Всем известно…

to contribute to

сделать вклад в

a cause

дело

to mention

упомянуть

to consider

считать

medicines

лекарства

medicine

медицина

to work out

разрабатывать

logic

логика, логический

mathematics

математика

physics

физика

to develop

развивать, разрабатывать

development

развитие, разработка

fundamentals

основы

geometry

геометрия

tremendous

огромный

progress

успехи, прогресс

space-travel

космические путешествия

a heart transplant

сердечный трансплантат

an artificial intellect

искусственный интеллект

a laser

лазер

curious

любопытный

to explore

исследовать

to move forward

двигаться вперед, продвигаться

to do harm

нанести вред, вредить

harm

вред

harmful

вредный, вредоносный

a miracle

чудо

to link

связывать

printing process

процесс книгопечатания

a decade

десятилетие

society

общество

to be available to

быть доступным

use

польза, использование

to use

пользоваться

invaluable

бесценный

an aid

помощь, помощник

to involve

вовлекать

record keeping

ведение записей

a variety

разнообразие

to calculate

считать, подсчитывать

to store

хранить

to keep accounts

вести счета

a benefit

достоинство, положительная черта

reliability

надежность

capacity for

способность, мощность, технические характеристики

quantity

количество

data

данные

technical advances

технические успехи

to invent

изобретать

evident

очевидный

a brain

мозг
Names:
ancient Greeks

древние греки

Hippocrates

Гиппократ

Pythagoras

Пифагор

Aristotle

Аристотель

Ptolemy

Птолемей

Archimedes

Архимед

Euclid

Евклид
2.1. Составьте все возможные словосочетания, употребив данные слова:
exact




to develop

modern

science

degree

great

scientists

society

natural

sciences

research

social

scientific

approach

brilliant




method
2.2. Совместите словосочетания из левой колонки с синонимичными словосочетаниями из правой колонки:
a gifted scientist;

great progress in science;

scientific paper;

a well-known scientist;

a revolution in science;

scientific journal;

science fiction;

scientific report;

an outstanding scientist;

a talented scientist;

field of science;

a prominent scientist;

a famous scientist;

scientific novels;

scientific magazine.

a branch of science.
2.3. Переведите предложения с английского на русский язык:
Science has achieved much more in the 20th century than in any other.

It is the duty of scientists to make man the master of the nature.

Scientific progress is the key to a better future.

That is the greatest achievement of modern science.

He devoted himself to science.

He is one of the most outstanding scientists of today.
2.4. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык:
Один из ученых был болен и не смог присутствовать на конференции.

Это лекарство – величайшее достижение современной науки.

Он хочет посвятить себя науке.

Он один из самых одаренных ученых современности.

Современные научные методы объясняют это очень просто.

У меня нет способностей к точным наукам.

Благодаря науке наша повседневная жизнь стала гораздо легче.
2.5. Обратите внимание на разницу в следующих словах:
‘It will not be long before scientists invent a cure for this terrible disease.’-wrong

‘It will not be long before scientists discover a cure for this terrible disease.’-correct

to invent – to create (something which has never existed before) for the first time: ‘Who created the bicycle?' = ’Who invented the bicycle?’

to discover – to find by research: ‘Penicillin was discovered almost by accident’.
A. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов:
verb

noun – person

noun – thing

to discover;

discoverer

discovery

to invent;







to create;







to develop;







to design.






B. Переведите предложения с английского на русский язык:
1. Great art creations never die.

2. Has anybody you know ever invented anything?

3 .Who was the telephone invented by?

4. Tsiolkovsky was one of the creators of spaceships.

5. Sometimes poor inventors had to sell their inventions to rich people.

6. He filled up many notebooks with the drawings of his inventions.

7. This long history had a new beginning with the invention of telegraph.

8. Our chemistry professor has made many scientific discoveries in his laboratory.

9. The discoveries and inventions are connected with progress in physics.

10. Scientists of the twentieth century have invented ways of changing smoke into many useful things.

11. The great Russian writer Gogol created wonderful characters in his novels.
С. Ответьте на вопросы:
Do many facts on the Earth still remain undiscovered?

Who discovered America?

Who was the first to discover that the Earth goes around the Sun?

What recent scientific discoveries do you know?

Have you created any PC program?

Did you create anything to make your life in the house easier?

Do you use the latest scientific achievements in your everyday life?

Did you carry out any research at the lessons of physics or chemistry?
D. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык:
1. Мы были удивлены тем, что такой молодой ученый изобрел такую машину.

2. Я обнаружил записную книжку, которую искал вчера в книжном шкафу среди книг.

3. Когда была изобретена машина, сразу стало ясно, что нужны более хорошие дороги. Тогда создали асфальт.

4. Войдя в купе, я обнаружил, что мое место занято.

5. Открытие, сделанное молодым ученым, явилось достижением в науке.

6. Эти факты долго оставались нераскрытыми.

7. Я уже пошла на почту, когда внезапно обнаружила, что забыла письмо.

8. Не открывай Америку!

9. Открой, пожалуйста, окно!
2.6. А. Выберите правильный вариант сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
NOTE: These nouns end in -s are not usually plural: mathematics, physics, economics, athletics, gymnastics, news

1. Athletics is/are my favorite sport.

2. What time is/are the news on TV?

3. Gymnastics is/are the sport I like.

4. The fundamentals of logic is/are not very difficult.

5. Physics was/were my best subject at school.

6. Fortunately the news wasn’t/weren’t as bad as we expected.

7. The fundamentals of modern medicine was/were laid out by the Greeks.

8. Economics is/are the subject I study at the Academy.
В. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык:
1. Математика составляет основу других наук.

2. Гимнастика – это вид спорта не только для девочек, но и для мальчиков.

3. Экономика изучается на первом курсе.

4. Физика – на пятом уроке.

5. Во сколько были новости сегодня?

6. Физкультура – самый веселый предмет в школе.

7. Какие новости?

8. Отсутствие новостей – хорошие новости!
2.7. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык, обратив внимание на разницу в употреблении слов:
знать – to know (knew, known)

узнать – to learn (learnt, learnt)

to find out (found, found) – выяснить

to recognize (+ed) – узнать ранее знакомое

1. Я узнал об этом вчера.

2. Они узнали, где он работает.

3. Я хорошо его знаю.
4. Никто не узнает тебя в этом костюме.

5. Когда я узнал об этих изменениях, было уже слишком поздно.

6. Я узнал настоящую причину.

7. Я никого не знаю здесь.

8. Я с трудом узнала его.

9. Я не знаю, что это означает.

10. Ты все узнаешь, когда придет время.

11. Мы очень мало знаем о нем.

12. Ты узнаешь его по его манерам.
2.8. Обратите внимание на разницу в употреблении слов:
to study – заниматься, учиться

to learn – узнавать, учить

to teach – учить, обучать

to educate – воспитывать, давать образование

educated / intelligent – умный

intellectual / cultured- интеллигентный
А. Совместите определение из правой колонки со словом из левой колонки:



a) to be informed;

1) learn;

b) learning, investigation;

2) teach;

c) to receive instructions, knowledge;

3) study;

d) upbringing;

4) education;

e) clever;

5) culture;

f) give instructions;

6) intelligent;

g) to get knowledge of;

7) intelligence.

h) mental power;




i) room;




j) civilization, way of life.
В. Заполните пропуски в предложениях словами из упражнения А:
1. He gives all his time to ____________ .

2. She ____________ me Russian.

3. I __________ English myself.

4. That will _________ you.

5. If you want to graduate from the Academy you must __________hard.

6. He is _________ing to be an interpreter.

7. Where did you __________ Russian?

8. You can ___________ from his mistakes

9. Christ __________ men to love one another.

10. Where were you ___________d?

11. There are many well-____________d people among my friends.

12. He is very ____________.

13. I’d like to learn more about English ______________.

14. ____________ is always popular.
2.9. Заполните пропуски в тексте, выбрав из предложенных слов и выражений, подходящие по смыслу (некоторые слова могут быть употреблены более одного раза). Употребите глаголы в правильной грамматической форме:
Discovery, research, invention, inventor, creator, to discover, to create, to develop, to carry out, to invent, means, to study, scientific, scientist

When men …1… that they could use electricity to send messages, new …2… of communication was …3… . It was the …4… of the electric telegraph by the Russian …5… P. L. Shilling in 1832.

The story of another great scientific …6… is connected with the name of Alexander Bell, the man who ...7… the telephone. His father was a teacher, who had become famous as the …8… of a way to teach deaf people to pronounce words that they could not hear. Alexander …9… how to improve his father’s method. He was a teacher and knew very little about …10… experiments. He began to …11… the books of different …12… . Soon he had enough knowledge to …13… his own scientific …14… . Thus a school teacher …15… the telephone, a new …16… of communication, in 1876.
2.10. После ознакомления с текстом, согласитесь или не согласитесь со следующими утверждениями (True/False Stateme