Лекция: Как вводным словом (выражением)

to begin with прежде всего

to judge by судя по

to cut the long story short короче говоря

to put it another way иначе говоря

needless to say нет надобности говорить

to say nothing of не говоря уже о

to be exact точнее говоря

to say the least мягко выражаясь

to sum up подводя итог

to quote a single example если привести один пример

to tell the truth по правде говоря

to illustrate для иллюстрации, например

to take an example например

to generalize обобщая, в общем

Инфинитивный оборот For … to V (For … to V construction) состоит из:

1) предлога for и существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия инфинитива.

2) инфинитива с частицей to, обозначающего действие.

Инфинитивный оборот For … to V1 переводится придаточным предложением с союзом чтобы (что), подлежащее которого определяется субъектом действия инфинитива, а сказуемое – инфинитивом.

(1) (2)

For this methodto be valuable it must be improved.

(1) (2)

Чтобы этот методбыл полезным, его надо усовершенствовать.

В некоторых случаях возможен перевод без придаточного предложения, неопределенной формой глагола.

There is a possibility for him to attend the conference.

У него есть возможность присутствовать на конференции.

Part A

Task A1. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a subject.

1. To understand is to forgive.

2. To err is human.

3. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.

4. Whether to leave or not has not been decided yet.

5. Where to hang a picture must be decided right now.

6. Which advice to follow is your own business.

7. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.

Task A2. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a part of the predicate.

1. To read a lot is to know a lot.

2. The aim was to discuss the impact of scientific activity on technology.

3. To choose time is to save time.

4. His intention is to get into parliament.

5. Perhaps the greatest problem at present is to get some understanding of the remarkable phenomenon of memory.

6. The original idea was to take advantage of the high temperature of the process.

7. His primary task is to provide conditions for our experiments.

Task A3. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an object.

1. She learned to dance at school.

2. He found it impossible to raise the question at the meeting.

3. I don’t know whether to apply for a job or not.

4. The experimental results are not easy to interpret.

5. The latest paper by Peter is rather difficult to understand.

6. He is happy to have passed all the exams successfully.

7. Jane is ready to give an interview.

8. Do you want to go to the lecture?

9. She likes to sing English songs.

Task A4. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an attribute.

1. We shall study minerals to be obtained in this mountain.

2. The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier.

3. There are many examples to illustrate the rule.

4. The procedure to be followed depends upon the substance.

5. Here are some more figures to be referred to later.

6. There was only one signal to be detected.

7. There is nothing to be surprised at.

8. Here are the papers to be signed.

9. There was nobody to speak to.

Task A5. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbial modifier.

1. To enter an institute you have to take entrance exams.

2. You are too young to understand it.

3. To understand the importance of the event you should know all the facts.

4. He was clever enough to answer any question.

5. To master English you should work hard.

6. Laws were not made to be broken; laws were made to stay within.

7. She put on her coat so as not to be cold.

8. I was too busy to see anyone.

9. He was so weak as to be unable to work.

Task A6. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a parenthesis.

1. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow of electric charges.

2. To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been made in the last few decades.

3. To sum up the chapter, gas theory enables us to determine some of the properties of molecular exterior.

4. To illustrate, Figure 2 gives the energy level diagram of potassium.

5. To anticipate a little, the evidence supports the view that the cathode rays consist of swiftly moving, negative electrons.

6. To begin with, he has been working for this company for 30 years.

7. To tell the truth, he can’t be relied upon.

Task A7. Translate the sentences with theiInfinitive in the For …to V construction.

1. It was impossible for me to solve this problem myself.

2. She was waiting for somebody to come.

3. The lady was speaking too fast for me to get her.

4. He asked for the papers to be brought.

5. I am anxious (мне очень хочется) for Mr. Smith to succeed in all he undertakes.

6. The best thing for you to do is to meet him.

7. She was impatient for him to be gone.

8. There was really nothing for him to do there.

9. For a force to exist there must be two objects involved.

10. The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose.

Task A8. Translate into Russian.

1. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.

2. This is a man to be relied upon.

3. This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.

4. To take an example, let us go back to the chapter which has been described earlier.

5. You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

6. There is nothing to be afraid of.

7. His name is difficult to pronounce.

8. Sally was the first to offer her help.

9. The terms to be insisted on are as follows.

10. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.

11. To understand the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered.

12. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.

Task A9. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.

1. I think you ought… apologize.

2. Can you help me… move this table?

3. I must… see him now. It’s urgent.

4. It can’t… be done now.

5. She asked me… read the letter carefully and… write an answer.

6. The man told me not… walk on the grass.

7. Let me… help you with your work.

8. She ought… take care of her health.

9. We had better… stop to rest a little.

10. I don’t know what… do.

11. I can’t… go there now, I have… do my homework.

12. He is not sure that it can… be done, but he is willing ...try.

13. She looked for the book everywhere but could not… find it.

14. He said that she might… come soon.

Part B

Task B1. Translate into Russian.

1. To avoid making mistake is always very difficult, because to err is human.

2. To appreciate the accuracy of the data, refer to Table 1 on page 57.

3. The system should be designed to meet information requirements.

4. A common objective is to maximize the excess of value over cost.

5. Some of the immediate benefits to be obtained from a bargain are the following.

6. What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development.

7. The aim of the book is to present the case for an extensive study of this complicated phenomenon.

8. To conclude, a definite science politics is needed if the development of science is to favour the best interests of the country.

Task B2. Choose the correct infinitive form and translate into Russian.

1. The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.

2. Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.

3. George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.

4. It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.

5. I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.

6. The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.

7. The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.

8. I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.

9. The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.

10. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.

Task B3. Find the infinitive and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

1. To solve this problem is extremely important.

2. To solve this problem you have to make a great many experiments.

3. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.

4. To drive a car in a big city one must be an experienced driver.

5. To calculate the age of our planet one must have much knowledge in different branches of science.

6. To calculate the age of our planet requires much knowledge in diffеrent branches of science.

7. To get the new magazine I had to go to the library.

8. To run modern machines workers must be educated.

9. To avoid an accident the cars had to move slowly.

10. To get to the earth the rays of the sun have to travel during 8 minutes.

11. To find the mass of the electron numerous experiments had to be made.

12. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

13. To prevent corrosion metal must be covered with paint.

14. To give advice is easier than to follow it.

15. To prove it will be very difficult.

Task B4. Choose the correct English equivalent.

1. Макс хочет обучать вас испанскому языку.

A) Max wants to teach you Spanish.

B) Max wants to be taught Spanish.

2. Ребенок любит, чтобы ему читали.

A) The child likes to read.

B) The child likes to be read to.

3. Я хочу, чтобы меня проинформировали об ее приезде.

A) I want to be informed of her arrival.

B) I want to inform him of her arrival.

4. Грейс рада, что ее пригласили на вечер.

A) Grace is happy to have invited us to the party.

B) Grace is happy to have been invited to the party.

5. Мне не нравится, когда Вы меня беспокоите.

A) I don’t like to be disturbed by you.

B) I don’t like to disturb you.

6. Я сделал вид, что читаю газету.

A) I pretended to be reading the newspaper.

B) I pretended to have read the newspaper.

7. Я рад, что выбрал правильный ответ.

A) I am glad to have chosen the proper answer.

B) I am glad to be chosen the proper answer.

8. Ты мог бы попрощаться со мной.

A) You could say goodbye to me.

B) You could be said goodbye to me.

2. I am lucky I study at the University.

1. He provided broad answers to their questions. It was important.

2. She treated the subject thoroughly. It was difficult.

3. They touched on a variety of more general topics. It was useful.

4. The author considered all these questions. It was not difficult.

5. They participated in the meeting. It was necessary.

6. He proved the validity of his conclusions. It was not easy.

7. They obtained the substance in extremely pure form. It was necessary.

1. I can check all these calculations once more.

2. You should to consult the doctor.

3. This food must keep at -20º.

4. It is possible for the reaction occur.

6. I’d like to be made an appointment.

7. The President is to have visited Vienna next year.

8. It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.

9. Do you understand what to do?

10. I promised not be late.

11. Could I to use your phone?

12. I’d better to go now.

3. Инженеры сообщили, что достигли хороших результатов при последних испытаниях новой модели.

5. Ваша задача заключается в том, чтобы наблюдать за экспериментом.

6. Чтобы повысить цену, мы должны улучшить качество товаров.

Task C4. Translate into English using For…to V construction.

1. Язык специалистов трудно понять обычному человеку.

2. Двух часов достаточно, чтобы произошла реакция.

3. Математикам потребовалось долгое время, чтобы осознать сложность задачи.

4. Чтобы запрограммировать компьютер, задача должна быть сведена к серии очень простых шагов.

5. Ученому необходимо внедрить свое изобретение.

6. Трех лет недостаточно, чтобы этот проект был завершен.

Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) располагается после сказуемого и состоит из:

1) существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия;

2) инфинитива с частицей to, или инфинитива без частицы to или ing-формы.

После глаголов со значениями «заставлять» (make, cause и др.) и «позволять» (allow, permit, enable, let и др.) сложное дополнение переводится существительным (местоимением) и неопределенной формой глагола.

(1) (2)

The pressure causes the iceto melt.

(1) (2)

Давление заставляет ледтаять

После глаголов make и let инфинитив используется БЕЗ частицы to.

(1) (2)

The rain made himdrive slower.

(1) (2)

Дождь заставил егоехать медленнее.

После глаголов чувственного восприятия (see, hear, feel, watch, observe и др.) и мыслительной деятельности (think, expect, assume, consider и др.) сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением, подлежащее которого определяется первым элементом сложного дополнения, а сказуемое – вторым.

(1) (2)

He considers the problemto beсome difficult.

(1) (2)

Он считает, что задачастановится сложной.

(1) (2)

We expect the documentsto be signed within a week.

(1) (2)

Мы ожидаем, что документыбудут подписаны в течение недели.

(1) (2)

После глаголов чувственного восприятия инфинитив употребляется БЕЗ частицы to.

(1) (2)

We often see themplay tennis.

(1) (2)

Мы часто видим, как онииграют в теннис.

I heard the windwhistling all night.

(1) (2)

Я слышал, какветерсвистел всю ночь.

Однако если сказуемое используется в пассивном залоге, инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей to:

They were made to do it. Их заставили это сделать.

She was seen to leave the room. Видели, как она выходила из комнаты.

После глагола help – помогать инфинитив может употребляться как с частицей to, так и без нее.

Инфинитив или ing-форма?

После некоторых глаголов обычно используется инфинитив: want – хотеть, ask – просить, help – помогать, expect – ожидать, offer – предлагать, would like – хотел бы, afford – позволять, agree – соглашаться, decide – решать, promise – обещать, refuse – отказывать.

I want you to come with me. Я хочу, чтобы ты пошел со мной.

После некоторых глаголов обычно используется ing-форма: imagine – воображать, keep on – продолжать, mind – возражать, admit – допускать, deny – отрицать, enjoy – нравиться, suggest – предлагать, stand – выносить.

I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike. Я не могу представить себе, как Джордж ездит на мотоцикле.

После некоторых глаголов используется как инфинитив, так и ing-форма: begin, start – начинать, continue – продолжать, intend – намереваться,stop – останавливаться, прекращать, remember – помнить, вспоминать, regret – сожалеть, жалеть, try – пытаться, пробовать.

It has started to rain. = It has started raining. Начался дождь.

Однако ing-форма не должна следовать за ing-формой

It is starting to rain. Начинается дождь.

При этом смысл глагола может несколько отличаться, ср.:

Did you remember to turn off the lights? Ты не забыл выключить свет? I remember traveling around China. Я вспоминаю поездку в Китай.

After a couple of hours we stopped to have a rest. Через пару часов мы остановились, чтобы отдохнуть. At 5 o’clock everyone stoppedworking and went home. В 5 часов все прекратили работу и пошли домой.

She triedto call you but she couldn’t get through. Она пыталась звонить тебе, но не могла дозвониться. Why don’t you try changing the batteries? Почему ты не попробуешь заменить батареи?

После глаголов чувственного восприятия используются как инфинитив, так и ing-форма, однако смысл будет несколько отличаться.

The accident happened. I saw this. Произошла авария. Я видел это. > I saw the accident happen. Я видел, как произошла авария.

I saw Kate yesterday. She was waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт вчера. Она ждала автобуса. > I saw Kate waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт, когда она ждала автобус.

Part A

Task A1. Make the sentences and translate them into Russian.

a) I would like you to forget it

She wants me to remember that day

They wished him to take care of the children

us to resign

John to call for the doctor

Ann to tell the truth

b) We want the plan to be adopted

They don’t wish the problem to be solved

Would you like the fact to be revealed?

He wouldn’t like the work to be done properly

She meant the review to be prepared

everything to be arranged

the facts to be checked

c) He allows me to use his telephone.

I allow her to change the article.

We didn’t tell anyone to read his papers.

They ordered everybody to stay at home.

She does not ask him to bring magazines.

You will get them to go for a walk.

d) The professor allowed the prisoner to be arrested.

The chief did not allow the man to be set free.

The manager ordered the bridge to be blown up.

The commander the device to be questioned.

The inspector anything to be changed.

to be operated on.

Task A2. Translate into Russian:

1. I supposed him to be about fifty.

2. I believed her to be in St. Petersburg.

3. We knew them to be right.

4. They thought us to be experienced enough to carry out this work.

5. He considers her to be a good singer.

6. We expected him to arrive soon.

7. Do you expect the documents to be signed tomorrow?

8. He expects them to finish the work as soon as possible.

9. You must ask someone to see her off.

10. Let him follow my advice.

11. She can make them get in touch with me.

Task A3. Insert to where necessary and translate into Russian.

1. I saw him … cross the street.

2. They allowed us … go to the party.

3. I hate him … interrupt me.

4. She would like … be invited to concert.

5. She felt him …. touch her hand.

6. She cannot bear him … speak like that.

7. We shall watch the ship … sail off.

8. Do your parents make you … study English?

9. I like people …tell the truth.

10. I haven’t heard anyone …call me.

Task A4. Translate into Russian.

1. During the experiment we saw the temperature fall rapidly.

2. They believe the substance to have dissolved.

3. We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions.

4. One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable.

5. On assuming the body with the mass m to be acted upon by force f, let us calculate the acceleration.

6. Examination with X-rays has shown the halogen even in the solid state to possess diatomic molecules.

7. They found radon to be 3 times as heavy as hydrogen.

Task A5. Make sentences using the Complex Object.

Model: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. > He expected them to arrive at 5.

1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us?

2. I'd like (the professor, look through) my report.

3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city?

4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come.

5. I want (she, tell) me the news in brief.

6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room.

7. I would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday.

8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president.

9. I don't want (they, be late) for dinner.

10. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths.

11. I'd like (the dress, buy) by Saturday.

12.1 don't want (she, treat) like Alice.

13. We considered (he, be) an honest person.

14. I don't like (she, prevent) me from doing it.

15. I suspect (he, help) by her.

Part B

Task B3. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.

Task C1. Translate into English.

1. Она попросила открыть окно.

2. Она попросила сына открыть окно.

3. Он не разрешил отвезти книги в институт.

4. Он не разрешил им отвозить книги в институт.

5. Директор попросил отослать письмо по электронной почте.

6. Директор попросил секретаря отослать письмо как можно быстрее.

7. Преподаватель разрешил сдать курсовую работу.

8. Преподаватель разрешил студентам сдать курсовую работу через неделю.

9. Он приказал продать товары немедленно.

10. Он приказал своему агенту продать товары немедленно.

11. Она попросила, чтобы ей показали письмо.

12. Она попросила секретаря показать ей письмо.

Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)состоит из:

1) существительного или местоимения в общем падеже (I, he, she, it, we, you, they), обозначающего субъект действия;

2) инфинитива с частицей to.

Между элементами сложного подлежащего располагается сказуемое предложения, которое переводится безличной конструкцией и может выражаться:

a) глаголом в пассивном залоге (assume, expect, think – полагать, consider – считать, see – видеть, hear – слышать, prove – оказываться и т.д.)

(1) (2) (3)

The problem is considered to remainunsolved.

(2) (1) (3)

Считается, что проблема осталасьнерешенной.

б) глаголом в активном залоге (seem, appear – казаться, happen, prove, turn out, chance – оказываться и др.)

(1) (2) (3)

The data proved to be wrong

(2) (1) (3)

Оказалось, что данные неверны.

в) выражениями с глаголоме to be (to be likely – вероятно, to be unlikely – маловероятно, to be sure, to be certain – несомненно и др.)

(1) (2) (3)

The weather is likely to change in a few days.

(2) (1) (3)

Вероятно, погода изменитсячерез несколько дней.

Part A

Task A1. Translate into Russian.

1. He is known to be a great book-lover.

2. The members of the committee are expected to come to an agreement.

3. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.

4. The experiment is believed to be а failure.

5. She seems to know the subject well.

6. He happened to be at home at that time.

7. There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.

8. There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter.

9. There happened to be many people there at that time.

10. The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.

Task A2. Make sentences and translate them into Russian.

а) Mary is considered to be a good singer

Mr. Robinson is believed a talented artist

Who was reported an experienced lawyer

They was announced capable students

was said a famous poet

are thought very brave

is known competent and efficient

b) The weather turned out to have forgotten her promise

I seemed to be there at that time

Kate proved to know English well

happened to be a good tennis player

chanced to be improving

c) He is unlikely to come soon

They are likely to be invited to the conference

The goods certain to know her address

Dr. Brown sure to be unloaded

to arrive in time

Task A3. Translate into Russian.

1. The radius of our orbit is believed to be increasing very slowly.

2. There appears to be direct evidence of the existence of negative electrons in matter.

3. Ordinary objects are not likely to move with a velocity approaching the velocity of light.

4. Secondary radiation may be expected to rise when the primary radiations are observed.

5. Light is to be considered as some kind of wave motion of electromagnetic origin.

6. In liquids and solids the movement of molecules must be supposed to be more restricted.

7. At first the alpha-rays were thought to be undeviated by the magnetic fields.

Part B

Task B1. Choose the correct English equivalent.

4. Маловероятно, что они закончат работу вовремя.

5. Несомненно, что его не спрашивали об этом.

6. Маловероятно, что цены скоро упадут.

Task B2. Change these sentences according to the model.

Model 1: He may come on Sunday. > He is likely to come on Sunday.

1. They may have a good time in the bar tonight.

2. You may miss the train unless you hurry.

3. They may go on a world tour.

Model 2: She may not allow us to go there. > She is unlikely to allow us to go there.

1. The plane may not reach the place of destination on time.

2. She may not go by plane.

3. He may not be invited to the conference.

4. They may not follow my recommendations.

Model 3: They will certainly help us.> They are sure to help us.

1. He will certainly win this match.

2. They will certainly get married soon.

3. This picture will certainly be the best at the exhibition.

Task B3. Make sentences using the Complex Subject.

Model: He, to think, to study, now. > He is thought to study now.

1. He, to consider, to be, a good musician.

2. They, to think, to go away, some days ago.

3. James, to expect, to make a report, next Wednesday.

4. Steve, to know, to help them, when they are in trouble.

5. Mozart, to know, to compose, a lot of wonderful pieces of music.

6. The film, to consider, to be, the worst of the year.

7. He, to expect, to manage, the business himself.

8. She, to say, to be, at the customs office now.

Part C

Task C2. Find the infinitive construction and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The engineers of that plant are said to have constructed a new device.

2. We want you to see the new university building.

3. The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.

4. We suppose the construction of that building to be completed in a week.

5. The construction of that building is supposed to be completed in a week.

6. Nobody watched her dance.

7. She waited for him to speak.

8. They are certain to cope with the problem facing them.

9. We think them to build the pipeline next month.

10. This pipeline is thought to be built next autumn.

11. The engineer believes the mechanic to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.

12. The mechanic is believed to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.

13. I heard somebody mention his name at the last meeting.

14. He seems to have traveled much.

15. This experiment is said to have been completed successfully.

Task C3. Translate into English using the Complex Subject.

1. Стивен обязательно выиграет эту игру.

2. Известно, что Питер уехал в Осло.

3. Предполагают, что президент выступит на конференции.

4. Эту пьесу считают самой интересной в театре.

5. Кажется, она готовит яблочный пирог.

6. Полагают, что они уехали вчера.

7. Он, вероятно, пишет новую статью.

8. Маловероятно, что переговоры закончатся завтра.

9. Полагают, что эта работа была выполнена успешно.

10. Вряд ли этот факт очень важен для нас.

11. Говорят, что ученые уже приехали на конференцию.

12. Известно, что этот комитет был создан несколько лет тому назад.