Реферат: История "Битлз"

                                      Ïëàí                  

1.Êîãäà è ãäåîáðàçîâàëàñüãðóïïà“Áèòëç”

2.Êðàòêèåáèîãðàôèè÷ëåíîâãðóïïû

3.Òâîð÷åñêèéïóòü

4.Ïðè÷èíûïîïóëÿðíîñòè“Áèòëç”.  
Åñëèñîáðàòüâîåäèíî âñåíàïèñàííîåî “Áèòëç”, òîïîëó÷èòñÿíåñêîëüêîóâåñèñòûõ òîìîâ.

            Âäàííîìñëó÷àå âñåíà÷àëîñü ñäåëà, à ñëîâî “Áèòëç”ïîÿâèëîñüíàìíîãîïîçäíåå.Âåñíîé 1956ãîäà 15- ëåòíèéÄæîí Ëåííîíîáðàçîâàëãðóïïó “The Quarrymen”,êîòîðàÿèñïîëíÿëàïåñíè âñòèëåñêèôôë, êàíòðè-ýíäâåñòåðí èðîê-í- ðîëë. Ýòîáûë â ñàìîìáóêâàëüíãîìñìûñëåëþáèòåëüñêèéêîëëåêòèâ:íèêòî èç åãîó÷àñòíèêîâíå èìåë èìàëåéøåãîîïûòà âìóçûêå,íèêòî êàêñëåäóåò íåâëàäåë íèîäíèìèíñòðóìåíòîì.Äæîí Ëåííîíðåáåíêîì ïåëâ öåðêîâíîìõîðå, ïîçäíååðàçó÷èëíåñêîëüêîìåëîäèé íàãóáíîéãàðìîøêå è ñïîìîùüþìàòåðè,èãðàâøåé íàáàíäæî,îñâîèë ñ äåñÿòîêïðîñòåéøèõìåëîäèé.Ýòîãîîêàçàëîñüäîñòàòî÷íî,÷òîáû ñòàòüëèäåðîì èñîëèñòîìàíñàìáëÿ.

            Îñëàâå èïîïóëÿðíîñòèõîòÿ áû âìàñøòàáàõãîðîäà åùåòîãäà íåáûëî è ðå÷è,òåì íå ìåíååãðóïïàËåííîíàâûñòóïàëàâñå ëó÷øå èëó÷øå èñðàçó î÷åíüïîíðàâèëàñüÏîëó Ìàêêàðòíè,êîãäà îí 6 èþëÿ1957 ãîäàâïåðâûåóñëûøàë åå âñàäó ïðèõîäñêîéöåðêâè ñâ.Ïåòðà âëèâåðïóëüñêîìðàéîíåÂóëòîí.ÌàêÊàðòíè  èãðàëíà ãèòàðåçíà÷èòåëüíîëó÷øåËåííîíà,çíàë òåêñòûíàèçóñòüäåñÿòêîâàìåðèêàíñêèõøëÿãåðîâ.Ïîñëåäíååáûëî î÷åíüâàæíî èöåííî, ïîñêîëüêóäîñòàòüàìåðèêàíñêèåïëàñòèíêèóäàâàëîñüðåäêî. ×åðåçíåäåëþÌàêêàðòíè âîøåëâ ñîñòàâãðóïïû “The Quarrymen”.

             1958ãîäó ÏîëïîñîâåòîâàëÄæîíóïðèãëàñèòü âãðóïïóñâîåãîøêîëüíîãîïðèÿòåëÿÄæîðäæàÕàððèñîíà,15-ëåòíåãîãèòàðèñòà, êòîìó âðåìåíèóæåèãðàâøåãî âãðóïïå.ÂñêîðåêîëëåêòèâËåííîíàïðèíÿë íàçâàíèå“Jonny and The Moondogs”, õîòÿíåðåäêîâûñòóïàë èïîä ïðåæíèì.

            Ýëåêòðîãèòàðóìóçûêàíòîâíå áûëî, íîïðè ýòîì îíèâñå ìåíüøåèñïîëíÿëèêîìïîçèöèé  â ñòèëåñêèôôë è âñåáîëüøåðîê-í-ðîëëîâ.Íàðÿäó ñàìåðèêàíñêèìèøëÿãåðàìè â ðåïåðòóàðãðóïïûâõîäèëè èñîáñòâåííûåïåñíèËåííîíà èÌàêêàðòíè,êîòîðûõ êêîíöó 1958 ãîäàíàñ÷èòûâàëîñüóæå îêîëîïîëóñîòíè.

            Ïîë,Äæîí è Äæîðäæñîñòàâëÿëèÿäðîêîëëåêòèâà,îñòàëüíûåìóçûêàíòûïîñòîÿííîìåíÿëèñü. Âêîíöå 1958-ãîñëó÷èëîñüòàê, ÷òî îäíèïàðòíåðûóøëè, àäðóãèå íåïîÿâèëèñü, èãðóïïà íàâðåìÿðàñïàëàñü. Äæîíè Ïîë íà÷àëèâûñòóïàòüêàê äóýò ïîäíàçâàíèåì “TheNurk”, à Äæîðäæïåðåøåë âêâàðòåò.Âïðî÷åìýòîò ïåðèîääëèëñÿíåäîëãî, èóæå â íà÷àëå1959-ãî ãðóïïàâîñòàíîâèëàñü,ïðè÷åì ñíîâûìó÷àñòíèêîì-ÑòþàðòîìÑàòêëèôôîì.

            ÑàòêëèôôáûëñîêóðñòíèêîìÄæîíà ïî Ëèâåðïóëüñêîìóõóäîæåñòâåííîìóêîëëåäæó. Îíòîëüêî ÷òîïîëó÷èë çàîäíó èçêàðòèí ïðåìèþâ 65 ôóíòîâñòåðëèíãîâè ïîíàñòîÿíèþÄæîíà êóïèëíà ýòèäåíüãèäåíüãèáàñ-ãèòàðó,õîòÿ èãðàòüíà íåé íåóìåë. Òàê âàíñàìáëåïîÿâèëñÿáàñ-ãèòàðèñò,ïîñòîÿííîãîæå óäàðíèêàíåóäàâàëîñüíàéòè åùåáîëåå ãîäà.

            29àâãóñòà 1959ãîäà ãðóïïàâûñòóïèëàíà îòêðûòèèíîâîãîëèâåðïóëüñêîãî ìîëîäåæíîãîêëóáà “Casbah” èâïîñëåäñòâèèäàâàëà òàìêîíöåðòûðåãóëÿðíî.

            Âíîÿáðåãðóïïàïðèíÿëàíîâîåíàçâàíèå “Long John andSilver Beatles”, âñêîðåñîêðàùåííîåäî “The Silver Beatles”. Ñëîâî “beatles”ñî÷åòàåò âñåáå 2çíà÷åíèÿ — “beat”(óäàð, áèò) è “beetles”(æóêè).ÁîëüøèíñòâîáèîãðàôîâïðèïèñûâàþòàâòîðñòâîíàçâàíèÿÄæîíóËåííîíó.Âïîëíå âîçìîæíî,÷òî îíäåéñòâèòåëüíîïðèäóìàë åãîñàì,îñîáåííîåñëè ó÷åñòüåãî ïîýòè÷åñêèåñïîñîáíîñòèè óìåíèåñòðîèòü öåëûåðàññêàçû èñòèõîòâîðåíèÿíà èãðå ñëîâ.

            Òîéæå îñåíüþ 1956ãîäà “Áèòëç”ïîçíàêîìèëèñüñ âëàäåëüöåìáàðà “Jacaranda Club”  ÝëëýíîìÓèëüÿìñîì,êîòîðûéðàçðåøèë èìäíåìðåïåòèðîâàòüâ ïóñòóþùåìïîìåùåíèè. Êòîìóâðåìåíè âàêòèâå óËåííîíà ÈÌàêêàðòíèáûëî óæåáîëüøå 100 ïåñåíñîáñòâåííîãîñî÷èíåíèÿ. Âðåçóëüòàòåáàðïðåâðàòèëñÿâ ïåðâûéëèâåðïóëüñêèéáèò-êëóá.

            Óèëüÿìñâçÿë íà ñåáÿðîëüìåíåäæåðààíñàìáëÿ,õîòÿíàñòîÿùèéêîíòîðàêòìåæäó íèìèòàê è íå áûëçàêëþ÷åí. Âàïðåëå 1960 ãîäààíòðåïðåíåðîòîáðàë èõãðóïïó íàãàñòðîëè ïîñåâåðíîéØîòëàíäèè.

            Ëåòîì1960 ãîäà “Áèòëç”ïðèãëàñèëèíà ãàñòðîëèâ Ãàìáóðã èèì â êîòîðûéðàç ïðèøëîñüñðî÷íîïîäûñêèâàòüóäàðíèêà. Âäàííîìñëó÷àå îíèîñòàíîâèëèñâîé âûáîðíà ÏèòåÁåñòå. Ýòîñîáûòèå(ãðóïïàâïåðâûåîáðåëàñòàáèëüíûéñîñòàâ)çàâåðøàåòïðåäûñòîðèþ “Áèòëç”.

            Àòåïåðüäàâàéòåîòâëå÷åìñÿîò èñòîðèè “Áèòëç”è  ïîãîâîðèìíåìíîãî îáèîãðàôèèêàæäîãî èçíèõ.

            ÄÆÎÍËÅÍÍÎÍ

            Äæîíðîäèëñÿ 9îêòÿáðÿ 1940ãîäà â ñåìüåñòþàðäàñëóæèâøåãî íàòîðãîâîìñóäíå. Åãîîòåö ïðîïàëáåç âåñòè.Ìàòü íåèìåëàñðåäñòâ äëÿñîäåðæàíèÿ ñûíà,äà ê òîìó æåõîòåëàñíîâà âûéòèçàìóæ. Äæîíîñòàëüñÿæèòü ñîñâîåéòåòêîé,Ìèìè. Íåëüçÿñêàçàòü, ÷òîÄæîí áûëïðèìåðíûìó÷åíèêîì.Êàæäûé äåíüíà íåãîæàëîâàëèñüäèðåêòîðóÊâîððè — áýíêõàé ñêóë,êîòîðûé èïîñîâåòîâàëÄæîíó ïîñòóïèòüâõóäîæåñòâåííûéêîëëåäæ.  ÑàìÄæîí ãîâîðèëòàê î òîìâðåìåíè :” ßäîêàçûâàëâñåì ñâîþïàâîòó èíàñòàèâàëíàñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîñòè.Êîíå÷íî, ÿáûë áû îãîð÷åí,åñëè áû ÿ íåïîïàë âêîëëåäæ, íîòåì íå ìåíååÿ åãî â êîíöåêîíöîâáðîñèë. Òàì âñåáûëîãëàäåíüêèìàêêóðàòíèêèì,à ÿ ýòîãîòåðïåòü íåìîã. È âñåðàâíî ÿñ÷èòàþ, ÷òîìîå äåòñòâîáûëîñ÷àñòëèâûì,ÿ íèêîãäà íåîò÷àèâàëñÿè ó ìåíÿâñåãäà áûëàíàãîòîâåóëûáêà.  1956ãîäó Äæîíïîçíàêîìèëñÿñ Ïîëîì.

            ÏÎËÌÀÊÊÀÐÒÍÈ

            ÄæåéìñÏîëÌàêêàðòíèðîäèëñÿ 18 èþíÿ1942 ãîäà â÷àñòíîéïàëàòåëèâåðïóëüñêîéáîëüíèöû:åäèíñòâåííûéèç “Áèòëç”,ïîÿâèâøèéñÿíà ñâåò âòàêèõøèêàðíûõ óñëîâèÿõ.ÐîäèòåëèÏîëà áûëèñàìûìèîáûêíîâåííûìèïðåäñòàèòåëÿìèòðóäîâîãîñîñëîâèÿ, äàè âîéíà áûëàâ ðàãàðå.

            Ñäåòñòâà Ïîëïðîÿâëÿë÷óäåñàäèïëîìàòè÷åñêîãîòàêòà, ðåçêîîòëè÷àÿñüîò âå÷íî ïîïàäàâøåãîâíåïðèÿòíîñòèìëàäøåãîáðàòà, Ìàéêà.Ïîë óñïåøíîçàêîí÷èëíà÷àëüíóþ øêîëóè ïîñòóïèë âËèâåðïóëüñêèéèíñòèòóò — ñàìóþèçâåñòíóþñðåäíþþøêîëó ãîðîäà.“Ïîë ìîãäåëàòü óðîêèïðÿìî ïåðåäîðóùèì òåëåâèçîðîì,- âñïîìèíàåòåãî îòåö. Îííàâåðíÿêàáû ìîãïîñòóïèòü âóíèâåðñèòåò.Íî óçíàâ î ìîèõíàìåðåíèÿõÏîë íàðî÷íîñòàë ó÷èòüñÿïëîõî.

            Âäåòñòâå Ïîëíå ïðîÿâëÿë êìóçûêåíèêàêîãîèíòåðåñà.

            Ïîçæåäÿäÿ Ïîëàïîäàðèë åìóòðóáó, íàêîòîðîé îíóìóäðèëñÿïîðäîáðàòüíåñêîëüêîìåëîäèé.Ïîòîì Ïîë êàêè ìíîãèå åãîñâåðñòíèêè,óâëåêñÿãèòàðîé.Ïåðâîå âðåìÿó íåãî íè÷åãîíåïîëó÷àëîñü.Ïîòîì îíïîíÿë: ïðè÷èíàâ òîì, ÷òî îíëåâøà. Ïîëïîìåíÿëìåñòàìè ñòðóíûè äåëî ïîøëî.

             Ïîëâïåðâûåâñòðåòèëñÿñ “Êâîððèìåí”  òàê:” ßáûë â áåëîìñïîðòèâíîìïèäæàêå èñòðàøíîçàóæèíûõ÷åðíûõáðþêàõ.Âûãëÿäåë ÿêëàññíî: ïðîõîæèåîò ìåíÿøàðàõàëèñü.Ïîñëåâûñòóïëåíèÿÿ ïîãîâîðèë ñðåáÿòàìè.Êîíå÷íî ÿïîñòàðàëñÿáëåñòíóòü.

            Ïîë èÄæîí î÷åíüñáëèçèëèñü.Îíè ÷àñòåíüêîîòïðàâëÿëèñüê Ïîëó, æàðèëèÿè÷íèöó è óïðàæíÿëèñüâ èãðå íàãèòàðå. Ïîëïîêàçàë Äæîíóàêêîðäû,êîòîðûå çíàëè àêêîðäû äëÿáàíäæîñòàëè íåíóæíû.

            ÄÆÎÐÄÆÕÀÐÐÈÑÎÍ

            Äæîðäæåäèíñòâåííûéèç “Áèòëç”âûðîñ âáîëüøîéêðåïêîéñåìüå è íåèñïûòàë âäåòñòâåíèêàêèõñåðüåçíûõòðóäíîñòåé.

            ÓñòðîèòüÄæîðäæà âíà÷àëüíóþøêîëó ñòîèëîáîëüøèõòðóäîâ: â òîâðåìÿ øêîëûáûëèïåðåïîëíåíû.Òåì íå ìåíååÄæîðäæàâçÿëè âÄàâäåéë, òó æåøêîëó, ãäåó÷èëñÿ Äæîí.Òîò áûë íà 2ãîäà ñòàðøåè Äæîðäæà íåçàìå÷àë. ÂËèâåðïóëüñêèéèíñòèòóòîí ïîñòóïèëâ 1954 ãîäó. Ïîëòîãäà ïåðåøåëíà âòîðîéêóðñ, à Äæîíóæå ÷åòâåðòûéãîä ïðèâîäèëâ óæàñÊâîððè-áýíêõàé ñêóë.

            Äæîíâñîìèíàåò “ÌûïðåäëîæèëèÄæ. âñòóïèòüâ ãðóïïó.Ïîòîìó ÷òîîí çíàëáîëüøåàêêîðäîâ,÷åììû.”

             Â1960 ãîäó “Áèòëç”ïðåäëîæèëèãàñòðîëè âÃàìáóðã. Èìïðèõîäèëîñüèãðàòü ïîâîñåì ÷àñîâïîäðÿä. Òàì æå îíèèïîçíàêîìèëèñüñî ñâîèìáóäóùåì áàðàáàíùèêîì- Ðèíãî.

            Âåðíóâøèñüâ Ëèâåðïóëüîíèíóæäàëèñü âìåñòå, ãäå áûîíè ìîãëèâûñòóïàòü — òàêèì ìåñòîìîêàçàëñÿêëóá “Êàâåðíà”- ýòî áûëòåìíûé èóçêèé çàë  ñî ñâîä÷àòûìïîòîëêîì.

            Áèòëûðîñëè êàêìóçûêàíòû,èõïîêëîííèêèðàñøèðÿëèñâîè ðÿäû èñòàíîâèëèñüâñå áîëååôàíàòè÷íûìè.Îíè âíîâüïîñåòèëè Ãàìáóðãè âíîâüâîëüçîâàëèñüïîïóëÿðíîñòüþ.Íî îíè áûëèóæå ïîëíûòàêèìóñïåõîì ïî ãîðëî.Îíèíóæäàëèñü âõîðîøåììåíåäæåðå, êîòîðûéìîã áû ïîêàçàòüèõ ïóáëèêå.Èì ñòàëâëàäåëåöìóçûêàëüíîãîìàãàçèíà âËèâåðïóëåÁðàéí Ýïñòåéí.

            Èìåííîåìó óäàëîñüâûéòè íàçâóêîðåæèññåðàÄæîðäæàÌàðòèíà, 6èþíÿñîñòîÿëîñüïðîñëóøèâàíèå.Îíè ñûãðàëèíåñêîëüêî ñâîèõïåñåí: “Love me do”, “P.S. I love you”, “ Ask mewhy” è äðóãèå.ÄæîðäæÌàðòèíîñòàëñÿäîâîëåí íàýòîì âñå èçàêîí÷èëîñü.

Íîâñêîðå èõñíîâàïðèãëàñèëèíà çàïèñü, èèì ïðèøëîñüîòêàçàòüñÿîò Ïèòà èâçÿòü ê ñåáåÐèíãîÑòàððà. Îíáûë ñàìûìñòàðøèì èçâñåõ áèòëîâ

            Â 13 ëåòÐèíãîñåðüåçíîáîëåë èïðîâåë âáîëüíèöåïî÷òè 2 ãîäà:âîñïàëåíèåëåãêèõ âîñëîæíåíèåì.Ýòîò ýïèçîäè äîñòàâèëåìó â äàëüíåéøåìíåìàëîíåïðèÿòíîñòåé.

            Êîãäà“Áèòëç” âçÿëèê ñåáå Ðèíãîèõ ïðèçíàëèëó÷øåé ëèâåðïóëüñêîéãðóïïîé. “ Love me do”áûëà ïåðâîéíàñòîÿùåéïëàñòèíêîé “Áèòëç”.Îäíàêî ìèðåå íåçàìå÷àë.

            Ñëåäóþùàÿïëàñòèíêà” Please,please me” âûøëà íàïåðâîå ìåñòîïîïóëÿðíîñòè.

            Âîëíàáèòëîìàíèèçàõëåñíóëàáðèòàíñêèåîñòðàâà âîêòÿáðå 1963ãîäà. Áðàéíãîâîðèë, ÷òîáûë ãîòîâ êóñïåõó. íî÷åãî îí íåìîãïðåäïîëîæèòü,òàê ýòîîáùåíàðîäíîéèñòåðèè.

            Èõïîêîðåíèåìèðàíà÷àëîñü ñîÙâåöèè. Ïðîøåëãîä “Áèòëç”ïðåâðàòèëîñüâíåîòúåìëåìóþ÷àñòü áðèòàíñêîãîîáðàçàæèçíè.

            Âÿíâàðå 1964 ãîäà “ Iwant to hold your hand” íà÷àëàñâîé ïóòü âàìåðèêàíñêîìñïèñêå ñ 83ïîçèöèè.Áèòëû áûëèíàãàñòðîëÿõ âÏàðèæå, êîãäàèç-çà îêåàíàïðèøëàíîâîñòü:ïåñíÿ âûøëàâ ÑØÀ íàïåðâîå ìåñòî.

            Ïîñëåýòîãîíàñòóïèëóñïåõ, ìèðáûë ïîêîðåí.Ïîñëåäíååâûñòóïëåíèå“áèòëç”ñîñòîÿëîñü 29àâãóñòà 1966ãîäà. Ïîñëåñìåðòè ÁðàéíàÝïñòàéíàäëÿ íèõñòàëàîáû÷íîéðàáîòà âñòóäèè.Êàæäûé èçíèõ óæå ñòàëôîðìèðîâàòüñÿ,êàêîòäåëüíàÿòâîð÷åñêàÿëèíîñòü,êàæäûé èçíèõ çàâåëñåìüþ, ó íèõïîÿâèëîñüõîááè. Âñåðåäèíå 1967ãîäà îíèçàêîí÷èëèðàáîòó íàäïëàñòèíêîé “ÑåðæàíòÏåïïåð”,ñëåäóùåé èïîñëåäíåéèõ ðàáîòîéáûëà ïëàñòèíêà“Let it be”.

             1970ãîäó ãðóïïàðàñïàëàñü.Ïî÷åìó òàêïðîèçîøëî?Íà ýòî åñòüìíîãîñóáúåêòèâíûõ,íî èîáúåêòèâíûõïðè÷èí. Êàêèçâåñòíî,òâîð÷åñòâîâñÿêîãîêðóïíîãîõóäîæíèêàðàçâèâàåòñÿâ óñëîâèÿõîïðåäåëåííîãîñîöèààëüíîãîêóîíòåêñòà.Êîíòåêñòîì “Áèòëç” áûëè60-å ãîäû,äåñÿòèëåòèåîòíîñèòåëüíîãîáëàãîïîëó÷èÿ,îïòèìèçìà,êîãäàìîëîäåæ ñ÷èòàëà,÷òî ìóçûêà èëþáîâü ñàìèïî ñåáåñïîñîáíûïðèâåñòè êòîðæåñòâóâñåìèðíîãîäîáðà íàäâñåìèðíûìçëîì,äîñòàòî÷íîëèøü âçÿòüñÿçà ðóêè è ïîâòîðèòüçà êóìèðàìèòðîåêðàòíîå “Äà!”Íî íàïîäõîäå 70-å — äåñÿòèëåòèåñîöèàëüíîãîíèãèëèçìà,ïðîòåñòà,ïîðîäèâøååèñïîëíåíóþäåïðåññèè,îò÷àÿíèÿ è áåçâåðèÿôèëîñîôèþïàíê — äâèæåíèÿñåå îðèöàíèåìâñåãî è âñÿ.Äåâèçîììîëîäåæè 70 — õ ñòàëîòðîåêðàòíîå “Íåò!”. ñðàâíåíèèñ ïåñåííûììèðîì “Áèòëç”,ýòî áûëàíòèìèð, èêâàðòåò íåìîã íå ðàñïàòüñÿîòñîïðèêîñíîâåíèÿñ íèì.

            Êàêâñå âûäàþùèåñÿõóäîæíèêè, “Áèòëç”äîîñÿçàåìîñòèîñòðî÷óâñòâîâàëèñâîå âðåìÿ, âñîîòâåñòâèèñ íèìòâîðèëè èóøëè, êîãäàîíîêîí÷èëîñü.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

1.Æóðíàë “Ñòóäåí÷åñêèéìåðèäèàí”,èþíü — àâãóñò1991 ãîäà

2.Æóðíàë “Ðîâåñíèê”,8 — 12, 1983 ãîä

                                    ÈíñòèòóòÌîëîäåæè

         ÐÅÔÅÐÀÒÏÎ ÈÑÒÎÐÈÈÈÑÊÓÑÑÒÂ

           íàòåìó: “ Áèòëç” — èñòîðèÿóñïåõà “

                                             Ñòóäåíòêè  ãðóïïûÊ — 101

                                 ôàêóëüòåòàêóëüòóðîëîãèè

                                              ÁûêîâîéÀííû

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