Реферат: English topics
Topic N1 («Choosing aCareer»)
Choosing a career is like any otheractivity; it is best to
work toa plan. Too many people start looking for a specific job
beforethinking out their occupational aims. It is a good idea to
begin by attempting to define in clear terms what your
requirementsare from a career. This involves taking a realistic
view ofyour strengths and weaknesses. You may think for example,
that youwould like a job which involves organizing people, but
likingsuch a job is not a sufficient justification if experience
youalready may have suggests that this is not your strong point.
On theother hand, you should remember that training willl equip
you todo new things. A further point to consider is how far you
will bewilling to do for a time things which you do not like
knowingthat they are necessary to achive your longer term
objectives.Having thought carefully about the sort of person you
are, tryto work out a realistic set pf occupational requirment.
Inparticular, you can answer to important questions. First: what
sort oflife do you want to lead? For example, do you want to
live inthe country or in the town? Is leisure time of great
importanceto you? Is the size of your salary important? Do you
want toput down roots or travel videly? Second: what sort of
work doyou want to do? For example, do you like working alone or
withothers? Does teaching people appeal to you? Do you want to
be anorganizer of other people's activities? Do you want to
developnew ideas and initiate changes.
As for me, I have made up my mind to be anengineer. As my
parentsare an engineeres they have made a great influence on my
choiceand I can say that this profession runs the family. My
choiceof this occupation didn't come as a sudden flash. I think
thatnowdays this profession is of great need and importance to
ourcountry. It is my aim to be a qualified specialist and to
servethe interests of my country. To be a well prepared engineer
I should have some important qualities: great capability
persistance,knowledge of science and, of course, knowledge of
foreignlanguages. In spite of these arguments we musn't forget
abouteverybody's vacation. I think that my facilities combined
with theknowledge would be quiet enough to succeed in my work.
Topic N2 («At theDoctors»)
It is winter now. It is often cold. Ican't say that I can
standcolds. So, sometime ago I suddenly fell ill. I mounted a
hightemperature. I had a running nose and a sore throat. Also
I had asplitting headache and a cough. My whole body ached. My
motherfixed me a hot lemonade but that didn't help me much. She
wantedto give me some aspirin tablets too, but there weren't any
in ourhouse. My mother told me to stay in bed, then she called
for adoctor. The doctor came, remove his coat and put on his
whitegown. The doctor asked me to strip to the waist. He
examinedmy lungs, felt my pulse and blood pressure, took my
temperature.Then he examined my throat and said that it was a
littleinflamed. He said that is was a light case of the flu and
toldme to stay in bed and to have a rest. He wrote a
prescriptionfor a gargle and cough medicine. Also he gave me
somesulfa pills, a slip for X-Ray and blood examination. He
prescribedcups and mustard plasters. The prescription, which the
doctorleft, was made up at the chemist's. I followed all the
doctor'sinstructions and very soon I felt much better. In 10
days Ifully recovered and resumed my studies.
Topic N3(«At the Theatre»)
I will never forget my first visit tothe Bolshoy Theatre.
It wasages ago, but this stands out in my memory quiet vividly.
Mymother bought beforehand two tickets for a matinee perfomance
of theballet «Sleeping Beauty» by Chaikovsky. We came to the
theatrelong before the perfomance began. A sign at the entrance
of thetheatre said that «house full». Many people were standing
at theentrace of the theatre asking if we had an extra ticket.
We leftour coats in the cloak-room and bought a program from the
usher tosee what the cast was. I remember we were glad to see
thatUlanova was dancing the main part. When we came into the
hall theorchestra were tuning in their instruments. We found our
seatswhich were in the stalls and went exploring the theatre. My
mothershowed me the boxes, the pitm the dress-circle, the tieres
andbalconies. At 12 sharp th lights went down. The conductor
appearedand the overtune began. After the overtune the curtain
went up.I was in raptures at what I saw on the stage. I have
neverseen anything more wonderful. The scenery and the dancing
weresuperb. The ballet seemed to me a fairy-tale. When the last
curtainfell, the house burst out into applause. I applauded so
much,that my hands ached. The cries of encore sounded all over
the theatre. The dancers got many curtain calls and were
presentedwith many flowers. The perfomance was a great success
with thepublic. It was one of my brightest memories.
Topic N4(«Entertaiment»)
I amfond of good books and good music, and when I have some time
tospare, I like to go to the theatre or a concert. There are
morethan a dozen very good orchestras in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> and some of
them areworld famous. Orchestras in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> have no concert
halls of their own, but play in halls rented from local
authoritiesor private companies. There are 2 big concert halls
in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>. The Old RoyalAlbert Hall and the New Royal Festival
Hall,which is one of the most modern concert halls in the world.
Theatricalperfomances are given by theatre companies. There are
about200 professional theatres in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>.Like orchestras, the
theatrecompanies usually play in rented theatres, but there are
severaltheatres which have their own homes. The center of the
actricallife is <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City>.<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City> is alsothe main center of opera
andballet. I am not particulaly fond of the cinema. Rather then
taketrouble of going out to see a film, I would stay at home and
watchtelevision. I seemed to share this attitude with the most
otherpeople in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> the choice of films is
limitedto young people. Films are placed in one of three
categoriesin <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>.«U» — suitable for everybody, «A» - more
suitablefor adults, «X» — suitable only for adults. A person
under 16years of age may see an «A» filem only in company of an
adult.Only person over 16 years of age may see «X» films. Those,
whoprefer to stay at home may spend their free time, watching
TV,listening to the radio. They have many TV and radio programs
tochoose from.
As for me, I am a great cinema-goer. I like the cinema
tremendously.I see all the best films that are on. I prefer
featuresfilms, though I enjoy documentaries almost as much to
saynothing of animated cartoons films, news-reels or popular
sciencefilms. I usually go to the cinema for the morning or day
shows.If I want to go to an evening show I book tickets
beforehand.I like to come to hte cinema a couple of minutes
beforethe movie starts. If there is a long time to wait I can
alwayslook at the portraits of film stars hanging on the walls
of thefoyer, or listen to a little concert that is usually given
for thespectators. It is a good idea, that those who are late
are notallowed to enter the hall until the news-reel is over. I
hatebeing disturbed when a film is on. If I like a movie very
much Igo to see it a second time and besides I see many of the
moviestelevised. I often read the paper «Film Week» to know
whichfilms have been released and which ones are being shot. I
know allthe famous script writers, producers and cameramen.
Topic N5 («Books and <st1:City w:st=»on"><st1:place w:st=«on»>Reading</st1:place></st1:City>")
Books can fit almost every need, temper,or interest. Books
can beread when you are in the mood; they don't have to be taken
inperiodic doses. Books are more personal and more impersonal
thanprofessors. Books have an inner confidence which individuals
seldomshow; they rarely have to be on the defensive. Books can
affordto be bold, and courageou, and explanatory; they don't
have tobe so careful of boards of trustees, colleagues, and
communityopinion. Books are infinitly diverse; they run the
gamut ofhuman activity. Books can express every point of view;
if youwant a different point of view, you can read a different
book. <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Reading</st1:place></st1:City> is probably themost important skill you will need
forsuccess in your studies. You will have to read lengthy
assignmentsin different subjects with varying degrees of detail
anddifficulty. If you you read inaccuratly, you will fail to
understandsome of the information and ideas you read. If you
readslowly, you will have to spent too much time reading your
assignmentsso that your other work may suffer.
Poor reading may be a problem foryou, but it is not a
hopelessone. Like other skills your abilty to read English
rapidlyand accuratly will depend upon a careful instruction and
purposefulpractice. You must continue to practise on your own to
improveyour reading skill.
Reading speed is determined in part by howmany words your
eyes cansee at a single glance. Here is a comparison of three
differentreaders and how many stops their eyes make.
SlowReader:
Being іable іto read іby phrases іinstead of іby single і
words іresults іfrom іpractice.
AverageReader:
Being able іto read іby phrases іinstead of іby single
words іresults іfrom practice.
FastReader:
Being able to read by phrases іinstead of by single words і
results from practice.
Noticethat the slow reader's eyes must stop fourteen times,
focusingon each word alone before they move on to the next. The
eyes ofthe average reader stop six or seven times because they
are ableto see about two words at a single glance. The eyes of
the fastreader stop only three times. They focus at the center
of aphrase and see three or four words, then move rapidly to the
nextphrase. This ability to see words on either side of the
point atwhich your eyes focus is called peripheral vision. As a
foreignstudent of English, you may feel, that it is impossible
torecognize so many words at a single glance. It is difficult
for manynative speakers, but it can be done — and must be done
if youare to read as rapidly as you should. You can increase
yourperipheral vision by eye exercises.
Topic N6 («My FavouriteWriter»)
I'm fond of reading. My favourite writeris William Somerset
Maughamand i would like to tell about his biography.
WilliamSomerset Maugham was born in 1874 and spent his childhood
in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Paris</st1:place></st1:City> in the family of a British diplomat. Having lost his
parentsat an early age, he went to live in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region> with his
uncle,who was a clergyman. He was educated at King's school in
<st1:City w:st=«on»>Canterbury</st1:City>studied painting in <st1:City w:st=«on»>Paris</st1:City>, went to <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Heidelbury</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>
in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Germany</st1:country-region> and spent six years at <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>St.Thomas</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Hospital</st1:PlaceType>in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>
studyingto be a doctor. He was an unsatisfactory medical student
for hisheart wasn't in medicin. He wanted, hehad always wanted
to be awriter and in the evening after his tea, he wrote and read.
In 1897 he wrote a novel called «Liza of Lambeth», sent it
to apublisher and it was accepted. It was something of a
success.So William Somerset Maugham decided to abandon his
medicalprofession and he did it with relif. The next ten years
werevery hard on him. He learned the terrible difficulties of
making aliving by writing. But he survived. He became a famous
writer.He never regretted the five years he had spent at the
hospital.They taught him pretty well all he knew about human
nature.
The novel «The moon andsixpence» (1919) is based on the
life ofthe artist Paul Gauguin was an immediate success. Maugham
went to <st1:place w:st=«on»>Tahiti</st1:place> and lived in Gauguin's hut while writing the book.
His fameas a short story writer began with «The Trembling of a
leaf».Since then he wrote many collections of books, essays and
criticism.Many of his books and stories came out of his
extensivetravels in the East. His autobiographical books «The
summingup» and «A writer's Notebook» are remarkable for both
styleand sincerity. His books have been reprinted many times.
In 1927 William Somerset Maughamsettled in the South of
<st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:country-region w:st=«on»>France</st1:country-region></st1:place>and lived there until his death in1965.
Topic N7 («The Book I'veJust Read»)
WilliamSomerset Maugham's short stories are most fascinating.
Not longago I read one of his short stories, it is the story
about aman who is very rich, very powerful, very intellegent,
verysuccessful in his career and yet he is most unhappy. His
name isLord Mountdrago (the story says: he was an able and
distinguishedman who was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs
when hewas still under forty. He was considered the ablest
politicanin the Conservative Party and for a long time directed
theforeign policy of his country). One day he comes to Dr.
Audlinwho is a psychotherapist and whose reputation as a
psychotherapistis very good. Dr. Audlin seems to be able to help
almosteverybody (the story says: he could relif certain pains by
thetouch of his cool, soft hands and by talking to his patients
often induce sleep in those who were suffering from
sleeplessness.He spoke slowly. His voice had no particular
color,but it was musical, soft and lulling. Dr. Audlin found
that byspeaking to people in that low monotonous voice of his,
by lookingat them with his pale, quiet eyes, by stroking their
foreheadswith his long firm hands he could sometimes do things
thatseemed miraculous). Lord Mountdrago has a strange dreams.
They geton his nerves. And he is afraid that he will go mad or
commitsuicide if it goes on like that every night. He says that
his decision can affect the welfare ofthe country. When Dr.
Audlinaskes to describe one of his dreams, he begins: «the first
i hadwas about a month ago. I dreamt that i was at a party at
<st1:place w:st=»on">Connemara</st1:place>House. It was an official party. The King and the Queen
were tobe there and many prominent people too. Suddenly i saw a
littleman there called Owen Griffiths, who is a member of
parlamentfrom the Labour Party and to tell you the truth, I was
surprisedto see him there. The Connemaras were at the top of a
marblestaircase receiving their gusets... Suddenly I noticed
that theKing and the Queen had come, turned my back on the
Connemarasi understood that i had got my trouses on. You can't
understandwhat i felt at that monent, an agony of shame. I awoke
in acold sweat and understood what it was only a dream".
Dr. Audlin can't diagnose the case and soon he learns that
LordMountrago has ruined his opponent in the House of Commons.
Whosename is Owen Griffiths. He did cruely and mercilessly. His
consciencehas protested that injury he caused to <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Griffiths</st1:place></st1:City>. The
storyhas a tragic end. Lord Mountdrago is unable to get rid of
histerrible dreams. He commits suicide. His antagonist suddenly
diestoo. The newspaper wrote that his death was supposed to be
due to natural reason but we know that his death was
supernaturallyconditioned by Lord Mountdrago's tragic end. In
conclusionwe come to after having read that supernational forces
effectour lives. No matter how sensitive or insensitive we might
be tothem. Thus the moral of the story is that doing good is the
onlycertainly happy action of a man's life.
Topic N8 («The Weather and ClimateFluctuations»)
'Funnyweather we are having' is a statment of the obvious we
haveused for generations as a greeting. When the deep cold lasts
long andheavy snow and blizzards give us the shivers we replace
«funny»with something stronger, such as «terrible», «ghastly».
At timeslike these people ask what is happening to the weather.
So we goto the experts, who tells us, in language appropriate to
thesubject, what happened yesterday, what is happening today,
and whatmight happen in the next few years. Weather and climate
specialistsall over the world have ammassed a vast quanity of
information.They can describe what is happening around us. With
satellitesthey can forecast more accurately what might happen in
theimmediate future. Their research has produced evidence of why
pastclimatic changes took place.
There have been many climatefluctuations ovver th 10,000
yearssince <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>was last covered with an ice sheet. Advances
andretreats of ice in the northern hemisphere during the past
500,000years can be accounted for by changes in the warmth from
the Sun.
This was caused by alterations in the Earth's orbit at
periodsof 96,000, 40,000 and 20,000 years.
Although that theory is widley accepted as a possible
explanationsfor ice ages, it has not been proved. More than 50
theorieshave been put forward, but only a few have not been
completelydismissed.
Not long ago a new theory was published in the science
journal«Nature». According to Dr. Garry Hunt, of University
College,intense radiations from the nuclear explosion of a
nearbysupernova — a star — could cause the destruction of part
or allof the ozone layer and in this way trigger an ice age.
As for me, i like Autumn best of all. The days become
shorterand the nights longer. It isn't so hot in the day-time.
Thetrees are covered with yellow and red leaves. At the end of
summerapples, pears, plums and other fruit become ripe. In the
Souththere are many oranges, peaches and tangerines. Autumn is
plesantwhen it does not rain. General Autumn is a rainy season
of theyear. When it rains the weather is nasty. The sky is
coveredwith heavy clouds. It drizzles. It is muddy and wet.
Topic N9 («The Ecological Crisis: AMyth or Reality»)
At thepresent time the Earth accomodates more then 5 billion
people.Half of which are undernourished. A total of 4 million
deaths occureach year fro starvation. Mankind has finally
realisedthe threat of an increasing population and has faced the
factthat something must be done. The food-supply increase lags
considerablybehind the immense growth of population. Besides
conditionsfor life grow steadily worse due to numerous facets of
environmentalpollution. And worst of all, today's man constently
contributesto his own deadly crisis. We have got too many cars,
too manyfactories, too much sewage and carbon dioxide, too
littlewater and food deficiency — all that can be easily taced
to toomany people. That is why many western scientists say that
ourworld is going through an ecological crisis which will mean
thegradual destruction of the human race. Our scientists are not
thatpessimistic, although they do think that man's increased
tamperingwith the world around him is posing a growing threat to
thebiosphere. It is not too late to forestall what could be
drasticand irreversible changes in the environment and ensure
that theworld will be a healthy place for the present and future
generationsto live in.
Topic N10 («Holidays,Travel and Tourism»)
For mostpeople there is no problem in deciding how they are
going tospend the money they earn — it all goes on housing,
food,clothess, transport and, if they are lucky, leisure and
someholidays. Many of us have spent our lives without doing
anythingout of the ordinary and now I have got a marvellous
opportunityof doing something exciting and I will. If I win the
prize of20,000 dollars, I will spend it in the world round trip.
To travel round the world has long beenmy dream and with
this sumof money behind me this dream is likely to be realized.
I amgoing to take a trip round the world. I am going to do a lot
of sightseeing. I am goung to put up at expensive hotels and
spendmuch money on entertaiment and other exciting things.
My travel experience would begin in <st1:State w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>New York</st1:place></st1:State>, known as
one ofthe world's most modern cities because of its high
buildingsand its dynamic spirit. From <st1:State w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>New York</st1:place></st1:State>I would cross the
AtlanticOcean to <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>.In <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>London</st1:place></st1:City> Iwould explore the British
Museumand visit the shops and pubs along King's Road in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Chelsea</st1:place></st1:City>.
My nextstop would be <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Amsterdam</st1:place></st1:City>,an attractive city because of
itssteep narrow houses and canals lined with trees. Flying on to
CoppenhagenI would eat Danish open-faced sandwiches and be
entertaindeat night clubs in <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Tivoli</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>Gardens</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. Having seen enough
citiesby this time I would head South to the Italian Riviera.
<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Portofino</st1:place></st1:City>, a handsome fishing village resembling an opera
setting,is one of the most charming vacations sports in <st1:place w:st=«on»>Europe</st1:place>.
Ofcourse, a serious traveller could not leave <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Italy</st1:place></st1:country-region> without
visiting<st1:City w:st=«on»>Florence</st1:City>, <st1:City w:st=«on»>Venice</st1:City>,<st1:City w:st=«on»>Naples</st1:City> and <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Rome</st1:place></st1:City>,for all these cities
areliving museums. Continuing South, I would trace the beginning
ofWestern civilization. I would make stops in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Athens</st1:place></st1:City> and Cario.
Certainlya chance to see the pyramids should not be missed.
Next, Iwould fly east to visit the shimmering <st1:place w:st=«on»><st1:PlaceType w:st=«on»>island</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st=«on»>Ceylon</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.
Here,the traveller finds many precious gems for sale, but the
brightestjewel of all is <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Ceylon</st1:place></st1:country-region>itself. Leaving this island I
wouldtravel to <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Bangkok</st1:place></st1:City>,an Oriental city of many charms. Then,
likemane other travellers, I would be drawn to <st1:place w:st=«on»>Hong Kong</st1:place>, the
shopper'sparadise.
Leaving <st1:place w:st=«on»>Asia</st1:place>,I would load my over stuffed suitcase on a
planebound for <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Acapulco</st1:place></st1:City>.In this Mexican resort, I would swim,
sunbathesand eat spicy foods.
At this time it would be necessary to count my remaining
travellerschecks.
If a tour of <st1:place w:st=«on»>Latin America</st1:place> were still possible, I would want
to stopin <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Peru</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Argentina</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Brazil</st1:place></st1:country-region>. But by that time mu funds
wouldprobably have run low. So, where would my round the would
tripend? For me there is only one answer: <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>, the city I
willnever tire of calling home.
Topic N11(«Shopping»)
I would like to tell you about shoppingin the <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>United Kingdom</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
Marks& Spencer is <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>'sfavourite store. Tourists love it
too. Itattracts a great variaty of customers from house wives to
millionaires.Princess Diana, Dustin Hoffman and the British
Prime-ministerare just a few of its famous customers.Last year
it madea profit of 529 million pounds. Which is more than 10
milliona week.
It all started 105 years ago when ayoung Polish immigrant
MichaelMarks had a stall in <st1:place w:st=«on»>Leeds</st1:place> market. He didn't have many
thingsto sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons and a
fewshoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous notice:
«Don'task how much — it's a penny.» Ten years later he met Tom
Spencerand together they started Penny stalls in many towns in
theNorth of <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>England</st1:place></st1:country-region>.Today there are 564 brances of Marks &
Spencerall over the world: in <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>America</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Canada</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»>Spain</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>France</st1:place></st1:country-region>,
Belguimand <st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Hungary</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
The store bases its business on 3 principals: good value,
goodquality and good service. Also, it changes with the times;
once itwas all jumpers and knickers. Now it is food, furniture
andflowers as well. Top fashion designers advice on styles of
clothes.Perhaps, the most important key to its success is its
happywell-trained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There
arecompany doctos, dentists, hairdressers, etc. And all the
staffcan have lunch for under 40 pence.
Suprisingly tastes in food and clothes are international.
Whatsells well in <st1:City w:st=«on»>Paris</st1:City>, sells just as well in <st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Newcastle</st1:place></st1:City> and
<st1:City w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Moscow</st1:place></st1:City>. Their best selling clothes are:for women - jumpers and
knickers(M & S is famous for its knickers); for men - shirts,
socks, pyjamas, dressing gowns and suits; for children -
underwear and socks. Best sellers in food include: fresh
chickens, vegetables and sandwiches, «Chicken Kiev» is
internationallythe most popular convience food. Shopping in
<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>is also famous for its Freshfood.Freshfood is a chain of
foodstores and very successful supermarkets which has grown
tremendouslyin the twenty years since it was founded, and now it
hasbranches in the High Streets of all the towns of any size in
<st1:country-region w:st=«on»><st1:place w:st=«on»>Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In the beginning the stores soldonly foodstuffs, but in
recentyears they have diversified enormously and now sell
clothes,books, records, electrical and domestic equipment. The
successof the chain has been due to an enterprising managment
and toattractive layout and display in the stores. It has been
discoveredthat impulse buying accounts for almost 35 per cent of
the totalturn over of the stores. The stores are organized
completlyfor self-service and customers are encouraged to wander
aroundthe spaciously laid out stands. Special free gifts and
reducedprices are used to tempt customers into the stores and
theycan't stand the temptation.