Реферат: Пособие прошло апробацию в группах магистратур факультета мэо. Contents




МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ

МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ (УНИВЕРСИТЕТ) МИД РФ


АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В МАГИСТРАТУРЕ


СБОРНИК МАТЕРИАЛОВ


СОСТАВИТЕЛИ: БАГДАСАРОВА Н.А.,

ДУБОВСКАЯ О.В.,

КАРАВАЕВА Е.М.,

КОНОНОВИЧ О.Н.


МОСКВА 2011


Пособие подготовлено на кафедре английского языка №2 и предназначено для студентов магистратуры.

Цель сборника – значительное повышение языковой компетенции, предполагающее совершенствование ранее сформированных навыков и их интеграцию на более высоком лексико-грамматическом уровне.

Пособие прошло апробацию в группах магистратур факультета МЭО.

CONTENTS


Unit ONE ………………………………………………………………………...4

Unit TWO……………………………………………………………………….10

Unit THREE…………………………………………………….........................16

Unit FOUR………………………………………………………………………22

Unit FIVE………………………………………………………………………..28

Unit SIX …………………………………………………………………………34

Unit SEVEN…………………………………………...……………………….. 40

Unit EIGHT………………………………………………………...……………46

Unit NINE ……………………………………………………………………….52

Unit TEN……………………………………………………………...…………58

Appendix One. Summarizing…………………………………………………....64

Appendix TWO. Final Test……………………………………………………...90

REFERENCE………………………………………………………………..…..97

UNIT ONE
READING
Read the article and answer the questions (1-13) based on it.
^ Young people - coping with an unpredictable future
Young people here in Asia and indeed in every continent are facing new challenges at an unparalleled pace as they enter the global economy seeking work. But are the young in all parts of the globe fully equipped to deal with the unforeseen hazards of the twenty-first century?

With the globalization not just of commerce, but all knowledge itself, young graduates in India, Pakistan, or China are just as prepared for the future as their counterparts in any other nation. Except for one thing, that is. Young people wherever they are still lack something of paramount importance. There was a time when those companies or nations with the most knowledge had the edge on their competitors. That is now almost gone.

In future, the success of all nations and companies, and indeed the success of young workers, will depend not on analytical thinking as has been the case until now, but on creativity and flexible thinking. This will have huge implications on the way companies and people function.

Knowledge has now become like the light from the light bulb. It is now available to all of us, East and West, North and South. We can now 'switch it on' in India, China, or Korea as easily as in, say, France or Australia. Knowledge is also packaged into systems that allow professionals of any kind and level to move around the world in the employ of multinational companies much more easily than in the past. So it matters less and less where people are from, where they are working, or where they move to. The same rules and systems apply to all.

With this knowledge-based industry now firmly established, mainly as a result of the Internet, economies and people have to move on to another level of competition. What will make or break the economies of the future in Asia and the West is not workforces equipped with narrow life skills, but the more creative thinkers who can deal with the unknown. But the world is still churning out young workers to cater for knowledge rather than creativity-based economies. Edward de Bono has long championed lateral thinking and his work has found its way into many companies and conservative institutions.

More recently, Daniel Pink in ^ A Whole New Mind (2005), a book about the mindset needed for the coming century, has predicted that success in the future will depend on creative thinking, not analytical thinking - more use of the right side of the brain as opposed to the left.

Knowledge-based professions which control the world like banking, management, etc. Pink argues, will wane as more and more jobs are replaced by computers, a prospect governments must wake up to or they will have hordes of young people trained for a redundant world system. The analytical brain types that have dominated job interviews in recent years have had their day. Those who see the bigger picture at the same time, i.e. those who use the right side of their brain as well or more than the left or can switch between the two at will, are about to come into their own.

The most prized individuals will be those who think outside the analytical boxes. If governments are sleep-walking into this situation, young people need not do so, but can prepare themselves for this dramatic evolution. Broadly speaking, young people are much more flexible and prepared to adapt to new situations than their older counterparts. Their very familiarity with ever-changing technology and the processes that go with it equips them to be proactive, and to develop their skills beyond the purely analytical. Take the gigantic leaps that have been made in the economies of South-East Asia in recent years. Advanced transport infrastructures and systems for knowledge transfer are more evolved than in many so-called advanced western countries which are lagging behind their eastern counterparts.

Businesses, rather than universities, can provide opportunities that introduce elements of unpredictability and creativity into aspects of training or work experience to teach employees to cope with the shifting sands of the future. The young will be encouraged to do what they do best, breaking out of existing systems and restructuring the way things are done. Older people will need to side with them in their readiness to remould the world if they are to survive in the future workplace. We may be in for a bumpy ride, but whatever else it may be, the future does not look dull.

^ Questions 1-7. Complete the summary below using the list of words, (A-K) from the box below.


Young people everywhere are having to overcome new (1) as they look for work. The ubiquity of knowledge means that companies and young workers need something else to stay ahead of their (2) ………. Workers, no matter where they are from, can plug into systems. This has huge (3) ………. . With the end of knowledge-based industries, Daniel Pink has forecast that success in the future will depend on (4) ……… , not analytical. The power of professions like banking, management, etc. will, it is argued, take on a (5) ………….. as more jobs are carried out by computers. Young people who use the right side of their brain as well as their left are about to assume a (6)…………., so more work-based training involving the (7)………… of uncertainty is in order.


A

spread

G

goals

В

greater role

H

creative minds

С

obstacles

I

results

D

consequences

J

value

E

lesser role

К

rivals

F

management








^ Questions 8-10. Which THREE of the following predictions are made by the writer of the text? Tick them (✓).

A




The role of creative thinkers will become more important.

B




South-East Asia will develop more advanced systems for knowledge transfer.

C




The use of technology will reduce people's creative abilities.

D




Older people will find it hard to adapt to future workplace needs.

E




Businesses will spend increasing amounts of money on training.

F




Fewer people will enter knowledge-based professions.


^ Questions 11-13. Choose the correct letter, А, В, С or D.

11. According to the writer, some systems are more advanced in South-East Asia than in the West because

A managers are more highly qualified.

В the business environment is more developed.

С the workforce is more prepared to adapt.

D the government has more resources.


^ 12. According to the writer, training for the developments that he describes will be provided by

A governments. В universities. С schools. D businesses.


13. The writer concludes that

A older people will have to be more ready to change.

В businesses will have to pay young people more.

С young people will not need work-based training.

D university lecturers will not have to adapt their courses.
LISTENING

Complete the table. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. (Note: X means information not given.)





Reading

Essays

Lectures

Seminars


Lisa


too interesting


handwriting word limit


(4)______________


(6)______________


Sasha


(1)______________


(3)______________


(5)______________


(7)______________


Olaf


(2)______________


Plagiarism


X


(8)______________



^ Choose the correct letter A, B, С or D.


9 Who are Lisa, Olaf and Sasha?

A Lisa is a lecturer. Olaf and Sasha are students

В they are all first year foreign students

С Olaf and Sasha are foreign students. Lisa is their tutor

^ D Lisa is a local student. Olaf and Sasha are foreign students


10 What does Lisa think of Sasha's last seminar paper?
A it was like a lecture

В it was professional

С it was rather boring

D she couldn't believe it
^ ACADEMIC VOCABULARY IN USE
Read the following text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
^ Why Can't Our Children Read?
The new national reading programme for beginners, aimed at reversing the decline in literacy, emphasizes rules and sounds of individual words. Traditionalists will no doubt heave a …(1)… of relief at what they will regard as a turn to the good old …(2)… . Their opponents argue, however, that the texts used for this purpose years ago …(3)… no relationship to real life and …(4)… short of the basic requirement for any learning materials: they should …(5)… interest in what is being taught. Educators must not lose …(6)… of the fact that teaching rules without taking this into account will not solve the problem.




1

A groan

B sob

C sigh

D breath




2

A period

B days

C times

D years




3

A bore

B carried

C held

D kept




4

A dropped

B fell

C ran

D failed




5

A arise

B arouse

C raise

D rise




6

A grasp

B regard

C vision

D sight

Underline the correct word to complete each sentence.

All applications must include the names and addresses of two academic referees / arbitrators / evaluators.

The overseer / supervisor / administrator of your thesis will advise you on what kind of content is appropriate for your introduction.

As a travelling / visiting / touring professor in sociology he spends much of his time abroad.

If you think your work has been graded unfairly, file a complaint with the head / chief / leader of the department.

Students’ performance will be judged by external prefects / graders / assessors to ensure objectivity.

Your careers director / analyst / adviser is there to help you make the best choice for your future.

As an office trainee / learner / novice, she was expected to follow the lead of the more experienced secretaries.

The successful entrant / applicant / finalist will serve a three-month trial period before being offered a permanent position.


Illiteracy

While the number of adults who remain illiterate are fewer than ever, it is becoming …(1)… clear that they are more …(2)… than such people were in the past. Nowadays the written word is so important that without it much information that is vital for the running of our everyday lives becomes …(3)… . Ashamed to admit it, illiterate adults often become …(4)… to concealing their ignorance, and …(5)… many do so with remarkable success. This may be one of the reasons why Bristol’s ‘Literacy for You’ scheme has been received rather less than …(6)… . Not surprisingly, adults have some …(7)… about coming forward and openly admitting that they find …(8)… a page of print that a child of seven could read without effort. Programmes for teaching basic literacy skills to adults need to be sensitively assembled so as not to discourage or humiliate the learner, who is probably already experiencing high levels of frustration on a day to day basis. Reading materials need to be graded carefully in terms of …(9)… and some authentic texts may require considerable …(10)… before the learner is able to handle them.

INCREASE

CONVENIENT

ACCESS

CUSTOM

SEEM

ENTHUSIASM

RESERVE

COMPREHEND

COMPLEX

SIMPLE


Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space.
SPEAKING

Speak on one of the following topics for 2 min. Two minutes’ preparation time is allowed.




^ Management



the importance of training and development of the personnel



Recruitment



how to select the right person for the job



Technology



the role of digital technology in modern life








^ PRACTICAL ADVICE:


READ THE RUBRIC CAREFULLY. SPEAK TO THE POINT




YOUR ANSWER SHOULD CONSIST OF THE MAIN PARTS SEMANTICALLY AND LOGICALLY CONNECTED (INTRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSION)


^ Make notes

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WRITING
M

^ OST PEOPLE CONSIDER THEMSELVES PART OF A PARTICULAR GENERATION. WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT VALUES OF YOUR GENERATION IN YOUR OPINION?

Write an essay using specific reasons and examples to support your view. Write about 180 words.

REMEMBER:

^ TAKE A STAND

After reading the prompt, think about what position you will take. Go with your instincts or “gut feeling”, about which side you can argue more effectively. Remember, though, that your personal opinion isn’t relevant; what matters is what side you can make a better case for. With which position can you be more convincing?

Write down the stand you’ll take in clear-cut language. It is critical that your thesis directly responds to the prompt.

MAKE A LIST

List 4 ideas that you can use to support your position. One of those ideas can be a counter-argument to a view opposite to your “stand”, position, or thesis. Each of those elements could serve as the main idea of the paragraphs of the body of your say.

^ DECIDE ON THE ORDER OF YOUR IDEAS

Place your “strongest” idea first in the order, your second “strongest” last. These ideas should be supportable with facts and/or references to your own core beliefs and values.

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^ UNIT TWO READING

You are going to read an article about verbal skills. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which best fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.


It began with grunts and very soon it may end with them. Excess hours in front of the television together with parents who work long hours are robbing our children of humanity's most precious evolutionary attribute: language - 'the dress of thought', as Samuel Johnson described our capacity for intelligent speech.

1

In other words, we face a world in which intelligible communication is likely to become a rarity. A logical conclusion, perhaps, but it must be borne in mind that the death of language has been predicted many times in the past by such respected figures as George Bernard Shaw. Nevertheless, most parents would find it hard not to agree with Wells's basic message.

2

It is a worrying trend, not just for those who lose an ability to use language, he says, but for the fate of the planet as a whole. Robbed of an ability to follow and sustain complex arguments, more and more humans will simply give up trying to understand or influence the world around them, including the key international challenges we face like global warming and cloning.

3

Indeed, it is a particularly alarming prospect for a species that is distinguished by its communication skills. Language has been found in every one of the thousands of societies documented by scientists and is used by every neurologically normal member of humanity. As Steve Parker, director of the Centre of Cognitive Neuroscience at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, says: 'Language is so tightly woven into human experiences that it is scarcely possible to imagine life without it.'

4

The observation suggests that the root of human language is social, not intellectual, and that its usefulness in communicating complex notions came relatively late in our evolutionary history. For most of our time on Earth, language has had the equivalent role of grooming among monkeys, strengthening social bonds between individuals and cementing tribes together.

5

Only relatively late in the story of Homo Sapiens has language emerged in its current mature version. Recent work by Simon Fisher at the Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics in Oxford and Svante Paabo, at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has dated key mutations in genes involved in neurone activity to about 200,000 years ago. These, they say, may have been crucial to our acquisition of sophisticated speech.

6

It is precisely at this time, of course, that modern Homo Sapiens evolved in an area of sub-Saharan Africa. Armed with a new linguistic sophistication, they poured out of Africa and by 40,000 years ago had reached the edge of Europe, then the stronghold of massive, cold-adapted Neanderthals, who nevertheless succumbed to these African interlopers, even though the continent was then in the grip of the last Ice Age. Above all, it was our ability to exchange complex data that gave us an advantage in those harsh days.

7

In short, language has been a mixed blessing for humanity. But it is what defines us as a species and it is hard to imagine us losing our prowess in the long term. In any case, just because our kids grunt at us, it doesn't mean to say they cannot communicate,' says Dunbar. 'It probably just means they don't want to talk to adults.


A It is a worrying vision, summed up by one senior education expert - Alan Wells, director of the government's Basic Skills Agency - who warned that youngsters now communicate in monosyllables, mainly because parents have lost the art of talking and playing with their children. 'At the age when they come into school, many children have very few language skills at all and that clearly has an impact on their learning,' he told an education conference.

В 'I have got to admit that I feel more than a twinge of sympathy,' said linguistic expert, Professor Robin Dunbar of Liverpool University. 'Judging from my own kitchen table, intelligent speech does sometimes seem to be at a premium among youngsters these days.'

С Intriguingly, recent research suggests that language may have developed in combination with the use of music and singing. 'Our work suggests early humans engaged in a lot of chanting and choral singing,' he says. 'It is the equivalent of tribal singing on football terraces or Welsh community singing - that sort of thing. It was a way of identifying ourselves.'

D As well-meaning parents, we try to compensate for this lack of communication. Every now and then, we attempt to engage our children in friendly dialogue, only to be met with baleful stares or goggle-eyed incomprehension, and something along the lines of 'er, neugh, ugh.'

E After that, humanity slowly conquered all the nooks and crannies of the planet, from the tip of South America to the islands of Polynesia. To every one of these outposts, we brought language. Then around 10,000 years ago, agriculture was invented and in its wake the ability to write down words, which were needed to record the corn, wheat and oxen we began to trade in. At the same time, social ranks, possessions and war also appeared. As Aldous Huxley said: 'Thanks to words, we have been able to rise above the brutes - and thanks to words, we have often sunk to the level of the demons.’

F 'Essentially, more and more people will give up thinking and following these issues and leave them in the hands of eloquent experts, who will take on the roles of shamans. That is hardly a healthy development,' said Dunbar.

G 'We have studied a gene called FOXP2, which is known to have a role in brain development,' says Fisher. It is found in mammals from mice to chimpanzees with hardly any variation between any two species except for humans. Our version has several key alterations and, by studying their frequency among different tribes, we have shown that these mutations appeared about 200,000 years ago. Most probably, these changes would have enhanced early humans' ability to control the muscles of their mouth and face, crucial in the development of speech.'

H The importance of speech in our lives is revealed by the fact that a person may utter as many as 40,000 words in a day. However, the intriguing point, as uncovered by Dunbar, is that most of these are about trivial issues. By monitoring common-room chat, Dunbar discovered that 86 per cent of our daily conversations are about personal relationships and experiences, TV programmes and jokes. We may be able to outline the theory of relativity or the ideas of Freud, but we rarely bother to do so. Most of the time, we use language to gossip. 'It is what makes the world go round,' Dunbar says.



LISTENING
^ Listen to the first part of the recording. Answer the questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.


Where was Solomon Asch born? ____________________________________________________

Which area of interest made Asch take up psychology? _________________________________

What was the name of Asch's famous experiment? ____________________________________

Who were the majority of participants in each experiment? ___________________________


Listen to the recording and answer Questions 5 to 8

Questions 5 and 6

^ Choose TWO letters A-E.

Which two features changed the results of the experiment?

A a bigger group

В the number of lines

С more time

D gender

E privacy


Questions 7 and 8

Choose TWO letters A-E.

Subjects explained their conformity as a desire to

A keep the experimenter happy.

В give a good impression.

С leave early.

D please the other participants.

E appear clever
^ ACADEMIC VOCABULARY IN USE
Circle the two suitable words in italics which best complete each sentence correctly.

When she saw the spider, she let out a piercing scream / yelp / shout / shriek.

When reading, you have more time to appreciate the shadows / subtleties / nuances / tones of meaning than when you’re listening.

It is sometimes difficult to absorb / interest / capture / comprehend all the necessary information if someone is talking too fast.

Some people like the straightforward / shortcut / modest / minimalist style of Internet conversations.

I like her novel, although her verbose / long-winded /elongated / stretched-out style bored me at times.

She mumbled / muttered / stuttered /spluttered something under her breath about being bored and walked out of the lecture hall.

His tendency / pitch / expression / tone was sarcastic; he obviously thought very little of his colleagues.

I have read through his work and I haven’t found any clear / clean / hard / striking examples of a text which is hard to understand.


2. Fill in each gap with one suitable word.

Communication

Throughout our lives, right from the moment when as infants we cry to express hunger, we are engaging in social interaction of one form or …(1)… . Each and …(2)… time we encounter fellow human beings, some kind of social interaction will take place, …(3)… it’s getting on a bus and paying the fare for the journey, or socializing with friends. It goes without …(4)… , therefore, that we need the ability to communicate. Without some method of transmitting intentions, we would be …(5)… a complete loss when it …(6)… to interacting socially.

Communication involves the exchange of information, which can be …(7)… from a gesture to a friend signaling boredom to the presentation of a university thesis which may …(8)… ever be read by a handful of others, or it could be something in …(9)… the two.

Our highly developed languages set us …(10)… from animals. …(11)… for these languages, we could not communicate sophisticated or abstract ideas. …(12)… could we talk or write about people or objects …(13)… immediately present. …(14)… we restricted to discussing objects already present, we would be …(15)… to make abstract generalization about the world.



^ 3. Read the following text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
^ The death of languages
The death of languages has been repeated many times in history. Localised disasters such as great floods of warfare have …(1)… a part, but in the modern era the increased international movement of people has greatly …(2)… the destruction. Local languages may be overpowered by a metropolitan language, thus increasing the pressure to neglect ancestral tongues in …(3)… of the new one, which is seen as the key to prospering in the …(4)… culture. Children may be forbidden to use their mother tongue in the classroom, as has occurred to many groups, including the Welsh and Aboriginal Australians. The death of a language is not only a tragedy for those directly affected, but also an …(5)… cultural loss for the world. Through language, each culture expresses a unique worldview. Thus, any effort to …(6)… linguistic variety implies a deep respect for the positive values of other cultures.




1

A done

B made

C adopted

D played

2

A speeded

B accelerated

C urged

D hurried

3

A favour

B preference

C support

D choice

4

A foremost

B major

C leading

D dominant

5

A invaluable

B irretrievable

C inimitable

D irrepressible

6

A champion

B hold

C preserve

D collaborate
SPEAKING

^ Speak on one of the following topics for 2 min. Two minutes’ preparation time is allowed.



Negotiating

the role of verbal communications in management and employee discussions



Recruitment

the importance of body language when applying for the job



Communication

the importance of good communication skills in developing a career in any kind of business



^ PRACTICAL ADVICE:

USE VIVID EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR IDEAS

LET YOUR SPEECH BE EXPRESSIVE

Make notes

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WRITING

A^ DDICTION TO ONLINE GAMING AND SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES HAS NEGATIVE INFLUENCES ON INTERACTION IN THE WORKPLACE AND FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION.

Write an essay (about 180 words) supporting your stance on the issue.

REMEMBER:

^ A THESIS SENTENCE MUST DO THE FOLLOWING:

COMMUNICATE ONE IDEA

CATCH THE READER’S ATTENTION

IDENTIFY WHAT THE PARAGRAPH IS ABOUT

SUPPORT THE THEME OF THE ENTIRE ESSAY


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^ UNIT THREE READING
Read the article and answer the questions (1-13) based on it.
Views of intelligence across cultures
A In recent years, researchers have found that people in non-Western cultures often have ideas about intelligence that are considerably different from those that have shaped Western intelligence tests. This cultural bias may therefore work against certain groups of people. Researchers in cultural differences in intelligence, however, face a major dilemma, namely: how can the need to compare people according to a standard measure be balanced with the need to assess them in the light of their own values and concepts?

В For example, Richard Nesbitt of the University of Michigan concludes that East Asian and Western cultures have developed cognitive styles that differ in fundamental ways, including how intelligence is understood. People in Western cultures tend to view intelligence as a means for individuals to devise categories and engage in rational debate, whereas Eastern cultures see it as a way for members of a community to recognize contradiction and complexity and to play their social roles successfully This view is backed up by Sternberg and Shih-Ying, from the University of Taiwan, whose research shows that Chinese conceptions of intelligence emphasize understanding and relating to others, and knowing when to show or not show one's intelligence.

С The distinction between East Asia and the West is just one of many distinctions that separate different ways of thinking about intelligence. Robert Serpell spent a number of years studying concepts of intelligence in rural African communities. He found that people in many African communities, especially in those where Western-style schooling is still uncommon, tend to blur the distinction between intelligence and social competence. In rural Zambia, for instance, the concept of nzelu includes both cleverness and responsibility. Likewise, among the Luo people in rural Kenya, it has been found that ideas about intelligence consist of four broad concepts. These are named paro or practical thinking, luoro, which includes social qualities like respect and responsibility, winjo or comprehension, and rieko. Only the fourth corresponds more or less to the Western idea of intelligence.

D In another study in the same community, Sternberg and Grogorenko have found that children who score highly on a test of knowledge about medicinal herbs, a test of practical intelligence, often score poorly on tests of academic intelligence. This suggests that practical and academic intelligence can develop independently of each other, and the values of a culture may shape the direction in which a child's intelligence develops.

It also tends to support a number of other studies which suggest that people who are unable to solve complex problems in the abstract can often solve them when they are presented in a familiar context. Ashley Maynard, for instance, now professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii, conducted studies of cognitive development among children in a Mayan village in Mexico using toy looms, spools of thread, and other materials drawn from the local environment. The research suggested that the children's development could be validly compared to the progression described by Western theories of development, but only by using materials and experimental designs based on their own culture.

E The original hope of many cognitive psychologists was that a test could be developed that was absent of cultural bias. However, there seems to be an increasing weight of evidence to suggest that this is unlikely. Raven's Progressive Matrices, for example, were originally advertised as 'culture free' but are now recognized as culturally loaded. Such non-verbal intelligence tests are based on cultural constructs which may not appear in a particular culture. It is doubtful whether cultural comparisons of concepts of intelligence will ever enable us to move towards creating a test which encompasses all aspects of intelligence as understood by all cultures. It seems even less likely that such a test could be totally free of cultural imbalance somewhere.

The solution to the dilemma seems to lie more in accepting that cultural neutrality is unattainable and that administering any valid intelligence test requires a deep familiarity with the relevant culture's values and practices.

^ Questions 1-4. The reading Passage has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct heading for sections B-E from the list of headings below.

1 Research into African community life

2 Views about intelligence in African societies

3 The limitations of Western intelligence tests

4 The Chinese concept of intelligence

5 The importance of cultural context in test design

6 The disadvantages of non-verbal intelligence tests

^ 7 A comparison between Eastern and Western understanding of intelligence

8 Words for "intelligence" in African languages

9 The impossibility of a universal intelligence test


B

C

D

E







5




Ashley Maynard

6




Richard Nesbitt

7




Sternberg and Grogorenko

8




Sternberg and Shih-Ying

9




Robert Serpell


^ Questions 5-9. Look at the researchers in 5-9 and the list of findings below. Match each researcher with the correct finding.


List of findings

A There is a clear relationship between intelligence and relationships with others in Chinese culture.

В Children frequently scoring well in academic tests score better in practical tests.

С The difference between intelligence and social competence is not distinct in many African communities.

^ D Children frequently scoring well in practical tests score less well in academic tests.

E In experiments to measure cognitive development, there is a link between the materials used and the test results.

F The connection between intelligence and social competence in many African communities is not clear.

G The way cognition is viewed in East Asian cultures differs fundamentally from those in Western cultures.

H Chinese culture sees revelations about one's intelligence as part of intelligence.


^ Question 10-12. Which THREE of the following statements about non-verbal intelligence tests are mentioned by the writer of the passage? Tick them (✓).

A




Raven's Progressive Matrices are widely considered to be culturally free.

B




Cultural comparisons will allow the development of culturally neutral tests.

C




The development of culturally neutral tests is unlikely.

D




Raven's Progressive Matrices are culturally specific.

E




The creation of culturally-free tests is sometimes possible.

F




Many cognitive psychologists originally hoped tests could be developed free of cultural bias.


^ Question 13. Choose the correct letter, А, В, С or D.

Which of the following is the main argument of the article?

A Intelligence tests should include tests of social skills and responsibility.

В Test takers from any culture can learn the cognitive style required by Western intelligence tests.

С Intelligence tests cannot be free of cultural bias.

D More research is needed to develop an intelligence test which is valid for all cultures.
LISTENING

^ Complete the following lecture summary. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.


South-East Asian Traditions

^ Course materials

two textbooks—Osborne and Legge

study guide and 1 ______________________________

can get textbooks from 2________________________and other materials from Paul Stange after this lecture.

Two of the readings difficult, but Bender

3 _____________________________than Smail

Both very important because help develop 4 ______________

• Course structure

Main course focus is on 5___________________of South-East Asia.

Influences from 6_______________and 7_________________

These influences have been both 8____________________and social.

The emphasis is on 9_______________________between past influences and present cultural patterns.

• Relation to other courses

Later courses focus more on political and economic aspects of modern period.

This course serves as 10______________________to later courses.




^ ACADEMIC VOCABULARY IN USE
Fill in each gap with one suitable word.

Getting Away From The Land

By the start of the twenty-first century, Britain had become a highly urbanized country, with only a small proportion of the population in touch …(1)… the working life of the countryside. But this has by …(2)… means always been the case. At the end of the nineteenth century, in excess …(3)… a million people were employed in agriculture, five …(4)… today’s figure.

Even …(5)… , however, the total was significantly below that in most European countries, high factory wages having already tempted people to leave the countryside in favour of the industrial cities. In …(6)… to this, the English custom of primogeniture, by …(7)… land is inherited only by the eldest son, served …(8)… further accelerate the rural exodus.

During the war years of the 1940s, at a time …(9)… food was short, people seized whatever opportunities …(10)… were to improve their diet …(11)… growing their own vegetables. However, this practice soon lost …(12)… appeal once the war was over, as …(13)… other temporary expediencies, such as keeping chicken in town gardens. …(14)… is more, mixed arable and livestock farming, once the norm, became rare, so that even …(15)… people than ever were involved in agriculture.




^ Select the best answer (A, B, C or D) which is appropriate for all three gaps in each of the following sets of sentences.

This medication can affect your … , so you must only take it before you go to bed.

Success is motivating your staff requires striking a delicate … between asserting your authority and giving praise.

She could not explain the deficit in her bank … .

A. decision B. balance C. statement D. ability

Karen and Brad got married last week, in a …ceremony in London.

She never really got along with her cousin, but they had always managed to be … to each other.

He objected to the company’s no-smoking rule, claiming that it was an encroachment on his … liberties.

A. personal B. dignified C. civil D. formal

Developments took a new … on Tuesday, with the stock market tumbling by 5.4%.

Mark admitted that he had spoken out of … .

The … of the century found Europe in a state of turmoil.

A. place B. end C. shape D. turn

There is a(n) … invitation for the trade unions to take part in the negotiations, but they have chosen to ignore it.

Most universities have … days in May, so that prospective students and their families can visit and find out more about the institution.

Never leave children under 14 alone in a room with a(n) … fire.

A. exposed B. extended C. common D. open

Under pressure from the opposition, the government decided to call a … election.

Not only keeping fit help you control your weight, but it will also give you a … sense of well-being.

Latest figures confirm a … increase in unemployment despite recent government measures.

A. general B. major C. round D. full


Complete the text using the words from the box.

^ AVERAGE CHALLENGE EQUITABLE EXACERBATING INTEGRATION PERSISTENCE REDISTRIBUTE UNDERPINNING UNLEASH VULNERABILITY

Winners and Losers of Globalisation

Technological change and increased flows of trade and investment …(1)… globalization are making the world richer – but more unequal. …(2)… global incomes are rising, but while East Asia has increased its share in global wealth, income per person has hardly changed in Africa. This failure to …(3)… international income has contributed to the …(4)… of poverty, and today there are more than 1.2 billion poor people in the world. Unfortunately, globalization is …(5)… national inequalities as well. …(6)… into the global market creates opportunities for those with skills, assets and access to markets. For those without – the illiterate poor farmers and unskilled workers – greater openness increases …(7)… .

Seventy years ago, the first wave of glabalisation mutated into the Great Depression, fascism and war as markets …(8)…ed forces that governments could not contain. The …(9)… is to develop institutions capable of managing markets to produce a more humane, …(10)… and stable economic order. The cost of failure is unthinkable.

SPEAKING


^ Speak on one of the following topics for 2 min. Two minutes’ preparation time is allowed.




Advertising


• the role of research and development in advertising on the foreign market


Management


how to motivate employees to be efficient in multinational companies



Customer relations


the importance of dealing promptly with customer dissatisfaction in international trade





^ PRACTICAL ADVICE:


MAKE NOTES OF WHAT YOU ARE PLANNING TO SAY




ARRANGE YOUR ARGUMENTS LOGICALLY


Make notes ……………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
WRITING

THE WESTERN VIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROMOTES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS. THE EASTERN VIEW ARGUES THAT THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE COUNTRY OR PEOPLE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS.


Write an essay in which you take a position on this debate. Be sure to support your stance with specific examples and logical arguments. Write about 180 words.


REMEMBER:

^ ORGANISE YOUR ESSAY PROPERLY USING PARAGRAPHS FOR MAIN IDEAS OR POINTS

WELL-WRITEN PARAGRAPHS SHARE THESE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS:

a great paragraph has unity. That means it sticks to the subject. It doesn't wander from subject to subject without any apparent purpose. All sentences are related to one single idea.

a great paragraph has coherence. That means the paragraph's ideas are presented in a logical order and are linked together in a way that makes it easy for the reader to follow your train of thought.

a great paragraph has adequate detail. That means it has enough supporting details so your reader can easily understand the paragraph's main idea.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………

■
^ UNIT FOUR READING
You are going to read an essay on the subject of intellectual property. For questions 1-7 choose the answer (А, В, С or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
The Sound of Silence
Twenty people — specialists, experts, thinkers — sit around a seminar table. They might be discussing education, the stock market or one of a whole range of issues. Although people are speaking, no one is saying anything. At least half of the participants have an original idea at the front of their mind. But they do not share it because it is too valuable. They are afraid that one of the others will steal the idea and use it, publish it or sell it before they do. Their intellectual property is at risk.

Images of the so-called ‘new economy’, that much talked about product of the 'age of information' are of complexity and hubbub. You get the sense that it is a noisy place. In fact, however, such is the fear of being intellectually gazumped that people who you might think of as being in the driving seat of that new economy are becoming rather cagey, and as a result, it echoes to the sound of silence as received wisdoms are recycled.

There has always been a reluctance to share new ideas in professions linked to the media, but it's a phenomenon that seems to be spreading, especially into the world of policy. It is finding its way into government departments and the 'think tanks', those groups of intellectuals and academics whose job it is to inform and inspire government policy. On an individual level, hoarding and hiding make good sense, but collectively it impoverishes conversation — potentially to the detriment of good policymaking.

This new intellectual coyness highlights the peculiar quality of information and ideas in a market economy. The essential problem is this: you cannot know the value of a piece of information, still less an original idea, unless you know what it is. But once gleaned, it cannot be returned to its originator intact. In other words, you cannot feel the quality of an idea before deciding whether to buy it or not. This means that ideas make bad commodities. Pricing, in the usual economic sense, is impossible because the value of the product is not physically captured — at least, not immediately.

This is why intellectual property lawyers are licking their lips, and why one academic has just taken out the first-ever patent on an idea. But legal and contractual approaches to the problem are of limited use. Many of the best ideas come out of a conversation between two


people. Who, then, do they belong to? And the danger of legally based approaches is that they will make us more guarded, not less so.
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