Лекция: Сложно-подчиненное

В сложно-подчиненном предложении границей между составляющими его простыми

предложениями (главным и придаточным) служат подчинительные союзы that, which, who, when, if, because и др. (см. выше)

Однако некоторые из этих союзов совпадают по форме с предлогами (напр., союз for (так как) и предлог for (для) ). Вот почему надо еще убедиться, что и справа и слева от предполагаемой границы есть пары «подлежащее-сказуемое».

Дополнительную трудность при членении сложно-подчиненного предложения вносит и место придаточного по отношению к главному. Придаточное встречается не только после главного, но также впереди главного и внутри его (часто между подлежащим и сказуемым главного). В этих случаях уточнение подлежащих и сказуемых, проверка их на согласование между собой в числе и лице («правило одного -s») приобретают особое значение:

Many years have passed since that Много лет прошло с того времени.

time. (Предлог since в простом

предложении вводит обстоятельство

времени).

An object at rest has no kinetic Предмет в состоянии покоя не имеет

energy since its velocity is zero. (Союз кинетической энергии, так как его скорость

since в сложном предложении вводит равна нулю.

придаточное причинное).

Coal will be sent when required. Уголь будет послан, когда потребуется.

(Союз when с причастием в простом

предложении).

When the boiling is reached the Когда кипение достигнуто, добавление

adding of heat does not raise the temperature. тепла не повышает температуры.

(Союз when в сложном предложении

вводит придаточное условное: придаточное

впереди главного: началом главного служит

его подлежащее – the adding).

The distance that light travels in one Расстояние, которое свет проходит за

second is 300 thousand kilometers. (Союз одну секунду, равно тремстам тысячам

that вводит придаточное определительное километров.

придаточное внутри главного; оно

заканчивается там, где появляется

сказуемое главного –is).

Прежде, чем приступить к упражнениям, составьте в тетради по грамматике алфавитный список подчинительных союзов с их русскими соответствиями. Против тех, которые совпадают по форме с предлогами, укажите еще их значения в качестве предлогов: after (после), before (перед), because (of) (из-за), for (для, в течение), since (с, со временем), until (до).

VI. В сложно-подчиненных предложениях найдите подлежащее и сказуемые, укажите границы

между главным и придаточным. Определите, какие из подчеркнутых слов являются

подлежащими придаточных предложений. Обратите при этом внимание на расположение

придаточного по отношению к главному. Перевод не требуется:

1. Finally the results of a computation are needed in a form which can be recognized and used by the operator.

2. This temperature is limited by the stresses to which the working parts are subjected.

3. The code which has been described above is called a «three-address code».

4. This consists of a heat exchanger, through which the exhaust and the air from the compressor are passed.

5. A description of the arithmetic operations which are to be performed is stored in the coded form in some of the registers of the machine.

6. In addition to instructions which specify the arithmetic operations a further type of instruction is needed in order to achieve this flexibility.

7. In most existing machines the «input» consists of a «reader» which will convert information into the pulse form with which the machine operates internally.

8. Which of the units works can be seen from the diagram.

9. The atomic ice-breaker is equipped with an atomic engine, due to which her operating on negligible quantities of nuclear fuel is possible.

VII. а) Укажите подлежащие и сказуемые. Выделите придаточное предложение. Переведите,

пользуясь признаками:

1. Field voltage is usually supplied by the same commutator that is supplying the load on the generator.

2. Upon closer examination it will be seen that the thicknesses of the lines are different.

3. Single-cylinder indicates that the unit consists of one turbine contained in one casing.

4. Any condition that causes metallic contact between the shaft and the bearing will lead to vibration.

VII. б) Даны сложные предложения, где союзное that вводит придаточное-подлежащее или

придаточное-сказуемое. Определите вид придаточного, пользуясь признаками.

Переведите со словарем:

(to be перед придат.-сказуемым переводится: «состоять в том…»)

1. The reason for this is that the magnetic lines near poles are steeply dipped.

2. That this system should be universally adopted is recognized by all the countries of the world.

3. Another remarkable fact is that the instruments warn the operator of impending disturbances.

4. That any gas can be turned into a liquid by pressure is a well-known fact.

VIII. Дайте анализ предложений. Укажите, являются ли выделенные слова предлогами или

союзами. Затем переведите предложения пользуясь таблицей:

1. Our age is called the age of electricity for electricity in now used for most various purposes.

2. It is very difficult to synchronize the engines by ear on some multi-engined air-craft for two reasons: first, the pilot is in a position where it is difficult for him to hear the engines clearly.

3. For a period of time the worker will not work in radioactive areas, and doctors will make periodic checks of his physical condition.

4. After Columbus had brought rubber to Europe people used it only in order to rub out the marks of a pencil.

5. After another stage of amplification the current is strong enough to operate the powerful loudspeaker.

6. Long before the days of atom smashes, the nuclei of certain atoms in the earth broke apart.

7. Before going further let us be sure that we understand the making of a graph.

8. We say that an object at rest has no kinetic energy, since its velocity is zero.

9. Since a dry cell can generate only direct current, we have been considering the flow of electrons in one direction only.

10. can generate only direct current, we have been considering the flow of electrons in one direction only.

11. Since 1945 two varieties of solid counter have been developed, and both have useful properties.

12. A copper wire became red-hot because an electric current was passed through it.

13. Many metallurgists disagree with this because of the difficulties involved in smelting copper-tin alloys.

IX. В каждом из предложений найдите подлежащее и сказуемое. Укажите, является ли

выделенное слово герундием или причастием (пользуйтесь алгоритмом для перевода ing-

форм). Затем переведите:

1. Using a beam of electrons in place of the usual beam of light solved the problem of studying microorganisms.

2. Using a beam of electrons in place of the usual beam of light scientists built a microscope with great magnifying power.

3. Studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved the problem of constructing a very powerful microscope.

4. Constructing an electron microscope became possible after numerous experiments of atomic physicists.

5. Constructing an electron microscope scientists succeeded in bringing to view the fine structure of materials.

X. Проанализируйте предложения: установите, простые они или сложные, найдите подлежащие

и сказуемые. Определите, каким членом предложения и какой частью речи являются

выделенные слова. После этого переведите предложения:

1. The Soviet Union has archived great results in the field of space research.

2. Friction results in a loss of velocity when water flows through pipes.

3. More heat is required in order to boil a big vessel than a small one.

4. When we heat a substance, its molecules are speeded up.

5. Land heats up more quickly than water but loses its heat by radiation more rapidly.

6. The lowest pressure in summer is found over Asia, the largest land mass.

7. Several thousand meteors land on the surface of our planet daily.

8. Not all water that fails as rain or that results from the melting of ice and snow runs off.

9. Although oxygen is the most commonly occurring element, carbon forms the largest number of compounds of any element.

10. Different substances – combinations of the elementary forms of matter are called compounds.

XI. Переведите группы существительных с определениями:

wave motion, wave length, tension test, war damage, steam-engine cylinder, engine-driven generator, moving-coil galvanometer, permanent bar magnet.

XII. Ниже в тексте найдите 5 простых предложений, а в сложных найдите

1 придаточные-подлежащее, 2 придаточных определительных и 1 придаточное следствия.

XIII. Переведите текст со словарем. Затем читайте вслух:

UNIVERSITIES OF ENGLAND

We know that Britain's oldest centres of education are Oxford and Cambridge. The name of Oxford became known in 912. How and when was Cambridge established is not exactly known. But it became famous in the 17th century when Newton lectured on mathematics.

Oxford and Cambridge are so similar that they are called sister-universities. Both universities consist of many independent colleges. The main subjects that the students are taught are philosophy, history, theology, medicine, natural sciences and mathematics.

Almost all the students of both universities are from the schools which serve only the aristocracy. That is why one of the main problem of the working class movement in England was how to open the way to the education for the working class.

The first of the technical colleges has been opened in Manchester, and it was followed by the establishment of similar colleges in Birmingham, Liverpool and other industrial cities. Besides the traditional university subjects they teach also agriculture, applied sciences and engineering.

Yet, much more is to be done in order to make away with1 the privileges of the ruling classes and bring the education within the reach2 of the working masses.

Комментарий:

to make way with1 — положить конец, покончить

to bring within the reach — сделать доступным

XIV. Прочно заучите слова:

education, engineering, movement, way, similar, independent. both, to become, to open, to follow, to serve, to call, to consist (of), almost, exactly, besides.

XV. Найдите в тексте:

а) синонимы к словам: principal, to discover;

б) антонимы к словам: new, unknown, dependent;

в) английские соответствия к словам и выражениям: должно быть сделано, техника, похожи,

становиться, состоять (из), следовать, кроме, точно, независимый, главный, служить,

студентов обучают, правящие классы.

XVI. Составьте план и перескажите текст:

XVII. Дополнительно перевести письменно:

Britain's oldest and most famous universities, Oxford and Cambridge, date from the 12th century. These great centres of education and learning typify the English University to such an extent that these universities keep to the traditions of the past but behind the old-fashioned life we find well-equipped laboratories and great libraries holding thousands of volumes.

Both sisters-universities are the most «aristocratic» universities of Great Britain, and the cost of living there is higher than at any of the others. The students are almost entirely from the schools which serve the aristocracy.

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