Реферат: Рыночная экономика

The contents

 

I Economic sciences. 1. Microeconomic. 2. Macroeconomic II State regulations of economy. 1. Brief historical information. 2. Concept of state economic politics. 3. Subjects of state regulation of economy. Four communication lines of economic interests with By state economic politics. 1). Carriers of economic interests. 2). Expressers of economic interests. 3). The executors of economic interests. 4). The return communication line. 5). The questionnaire. 4. Objects of state regulation of economy. 1). State anticyclic politics. 2). State regulation of economy in area Branch and territorial structure. 3). Accumulation of the capital. 4). Regulation of employment. 5). The money manipulation. 6). A condition of payment balance. 7). The prices. 5. General purpose of state regulation Economy and tree of the purposes. 6. Means of state regulation of economy. 1). Administrative means. 2). Economic means. 3). The state budget. 4). The taxes. 5). Accelerated amortisation. 6). Public sector. 7). Means of the external economic regulation. 7. State economic programming. 1). Objects of the programs. 2). The usual and extreme programs. 3). The target programs. 4). The subjects of economic programming. 5). Borders of economic programming. 8. Mechanism of state regulation of economy On an example of the prices. 1). The price right. 2). Supervision of the state over the prices. 3). Indirect influence of the state on the prices. 4). Direct state intervention in process of money appearing. 5). Influence state sector. 6). The contribution of public sector to process Price control. 9. Inflation. 1). The reasons of occurrence of inflation. a). Internal. b). External. 2). Types of inflation. a). Slow inflation. b). Galloping inflation. c). Hyperinflation. 3). Consequences of inflation. a). Positive functions. b). Negative consequences. 4). Management of inflation. 10. Unemployment. 1). The market of work. 2). Classification of the unemployed. 3). The formula of calculation of monthly average Rate of unemployment. 4). The concepts treating a phenomenon of unemployment. 5). Directions of state regulation Market of work. 6). Labour exchange. 11. Stages of state regulation of economy. III Lists of the used literature.

“The People, who havenever systematically learned the economic theory, are similar to deaf persons,which try to estimate sounding an orchestra ”.

                                                                                                               P.Samulson

    There are fields of knowledgeand vital experience, about which, it seems any of us can judge. Except forpolitics, to such spheres concern medicine and, certainly, economy. It is notcasual, you see economy – science is empirical, it connection with practice isdirect. Each of us, irrespective of preparation, collides daily with theeconomic phenomena. We are all workers — create values or we raise thequalification, we receive the incomes, we address to the market, we watch (keepup) the prices, we are the consumers. The economy studies “homo economics” — economic man, his actions and interests. Well as in medicine, where forstatement of the diagnosis it is necessary to know the functioning of a healthyorganism, first of all to understand the laws of functioning of healthyeconomy.

The economic science is called to define how to use the limited resourcesmaximum effectively — natural stocks, capitals, labour reserves. Like otherbranches of knowledge, the economy includes a set of axioms and proofs,suitable for the analysis in any concrete conditions. And in this narrow senseit can not be national, as well as there can not be a American physics orGerman mathematics. The prices of the goods everywhere are defined by a parityof a supply and demand, with the growth of the income there is a reduction ofits consumed part and increase gathering.

But the economy has basic difference from exact and natural sciences: ithas business not with the separate man on a uninhabited island, but with themember of a society subject to influence of traditions, national mentality andpolitical institutes. The toolkit of the economist has therefore nationalspecificity.

The science is formed approximately the same as the tree grows or thebuilding is constructed. The great economists of the past have put in pawn thebase, have created the theory named as microeconomy. As initial item for theanalysis a facilities of the businessman and farmer were taken. Themicroeconomy studies the relation between the businessmen (competition),businessmen and hired workers, sellers and buyers. It formulates the laws:supplies and demand, rarity-decreasing income, limiting productivity of work orcapital. The microeconomy is directly connected to enterprise activity, at thesame time being a management for business.

The economic theory created in 18 — 19 centuries is named classical, itanswered requirements of development of an industrial society based on aprivate property and freedom of an economic choice. The creativity of ingeniousAdam Smite for economy is compared to the invention of a wheel.

Gradually national economy is turning to complex systems of branchesforming a global economy. Periodically repeating economic crisises, chronic — unemployment and inflation become a rule.

Business practice includes problems, which are not solved throughtraditional means. The economists begin to be interested in questions ofgeneral balance, cumulative demand, money manipulation.

The 20 centuries appeared to be a stage of macroeconomy. The large systemis not only set of small subsystems — firms and branches, but also a newquality. Its actions are operated by other mechanisms. Macrosystem can not bedescribed by categories of microsystem (price, profit, competition etc.). Newtechniques and tools here are necessary.

The Macroeconomic analysis becomes a basis of statepolitics, development of the programs, selective (“dot”) methods of influence.But macroeconomic is knowledge that works not far from business. You see suchformulas, as the return dependence between inflation and unemployment in scaleof a society, or between bank percent and rates of growth of a total product,between growth of inflation and downturn of the exchange rate of domesticcurrency is necessary to know, even to expect changes of a conjuncture andprobable general idea of government, direction of state regulation of economy.

“Most of all laws were created in vague times of republic… ”

                                                                                                                     

The state regulation of economy has a long history. The practice hereoutstrips the theory. During early capitalism in Europe there was a centralisedcontrol above the prices, quality of the goods and services, interest rates andforeign trade.

17 century – is a century of the pioneers of the normative economictheory — wrote that only detailed management on the part of government iscapable to supply the order in economic sphere. They saw in a state managementa means of ensuring social validity.

With transition to capitalism and appearing of free competition, manyaspects of “pioneers” theory were destroyed. The approach of people who based aclassical economy (18 centuries), limiting state intervention in economic life,has the historical explanation. You see in that period economy was ruled by themarket and freedom of a choice. In economic sense freedom assumes two maincomponents: the right, to a private property protected by the law andindependence of acceptance of the decisions. In 18 — 19 centuries the economicrole of the state was reduced, basically, to protection of these primaryrights.  The XX century was market by almost universal strengthening ofeconomic presence of the state.

From the second half of 19 century national manufacture has achievedunprecedented scales. The end of the century is connected with explosion, jumpin scientific — technical development and appearance of new branches. All thesecircumstance needed requirement for co-ordination, for maintenance ofproportions on macro-level, for anticyclic regulation.

The amplification of state regulation was dictated by the purposes ofpreparation to wars, their conducting, maintenance of war-protection. The wholesystem of measures including compulsory movements system (GERMANY),protectionism (Japan) was developed. The army-industrial complexes closelyconnected to government were formed.

The state regulation of economy was necessary for realisation of socialpolitics, for general strategy socialisation in a broad sense. Collectiveconsumption or satisfaction of public requirements (public health services,education, support deprived and others) are impossible without use of statelevers and organisations.

And, at last, it would be desirable to emphasise, meaning day today's,need for state support and sometimes organisations of fundamental scientificresearches, and also protection of environment.

The state regulation, thus, is caused by occurrence of new economicneeds, with which the market on the nature can not consult.

And, though the similar regulation in modern market economy is carriedout in much smaller scales, than in administrative — command system,nevertheless here economic role of the state is great, is special in comparisonwith the system of a free competition.

The state regulation of economy in conditions of a market economyrepresents system of typical measures of legislative, executive and supervisingcharacter which is carried out by competent official bodies and publicorganisations with the purposes of stabilisation and the adaptation existingsocially — of economic system, and conditions.

In the process of development of a market economy the economic and socialproblems became aggravated, they could not be solved automatically on the basisof a private property. The necessity of the significant investments, hasappeared necessary for continuation of reproduction in national scales; branchand social crises, mass unemployment, the infringements in the moneymanipulation become aggravated competition in the global markets required stateeconomic politics.

Theoretically concept state economic wider than concept of state regulationof economy, as first can be based on a principle of non-interference of thestate in economic life (known principle of economic liberalism laisser faire — laisser passer). In modern conditions the non-interference of the state insocially — economic processes is impossible. Disputes about necessity of stateregulation of economy, and about its scales, forms and intensity are conductedfor a long time. Therefore terms “ state regulation of economy ” and “ stateeconomic politics ” are presently identical.

The objective opportunity of state regulation occurs with the achievementof the certain level of economic development, concentration of manufacture andcapital. The necessity of transforming this opportunity into the validityconsists in increase of problems, difficulties.

In modern conditions the state regulation of economy is a component ofreproduction. It solves various tasks: for example, stimulation of economicgrowth, regulation of employment, encouragement of progressive shifts in branchand regional structure, support of export. The concrete directions, forms,scales of state regulation of economy are defined by character and acuteness ofeconomic and social problems in this or that country in the concrete period.

For understanding of the mechanism of state regulation of economy it isexpedient to characterise its subjects, objects, purposes, means, and alsostages of its development.

The subjects of economic politics are the carriers and executors ofeconomic interests.

The carriers of economic interests are social groups distinguished fromeach other on a number of attributes: property, the incomes, on kinds ofactivity at the similar incomes, on trades, branch and regional interests. Theyare hired workers and owners of the enterprises, farmers and land proprietors,businessmen managers and the shareholders, civil servants etc. Each of thesegroups has interests caused by their social economic rule, and also accessoryto that or other region, kind of activity.

The representatives of these groups individually express the interests inmass media, on meetings and addressing with the requests, protests, wishes toofficial bodies responsible for economic and social politics.

It is the first communication line of economic interests with the statedevice regulating an economy.

The carriers of economic interests are incorporated in the advancedcountries of a market economy in numerous unions, association: it is tradeunions, unions of the businessmen, farmers, various dealers, students, brokersand ò. Item. Some of these unions total millions members (trade unions,for example), others play a huge role in a national economy because of thecapitals, represented by them, (unions of the businessmen, bank establishments,trade chambers). There are also absolutely insignificant associations, forexample, association of the physical and legal persons interested in aprivatisation of the concrete ground area, belonging to municipality. Suchassociations are expressers of economic interests.

Most powerful expressers of economic interests are unions of thebusinessmen and trade unions. They carry out the own concepts of socialeconomic politics, aspiring to render the maximal influence on state economicpolitics. At expressers of economic interests there are printed editions,significant financial resources, centres of training of personnel and publicrelations. The unions of the businessmen and trade unions are constructed to abranch and territorial attribute, all local and branch unions hierarchicallyare subordinated to the national centres, which, in turn, enter into theinternational, regional and global associations.

The recommendations, advises, memorandums, various channels of influencethese expressers of economic interests on bodies of state economic regulationis the second communication line of economic interests with state economicpolitics.

Expressers of social economic, political, religious, cultural,ecological, specific regional interests are the political parties, whichfrequently work under a banner of national interests.

To carry out in life the program of state economic politics there will bea subject of state economic regulation — executors of economic interests. It isthe main, third line of transformation of private-individual economic interestsin state economic politics.

The executors of economic interests — subjects of state regulation ofeconomy — are the bodies of three branches of authorities constructed by ahierarchical principal, and also central national bank. The tendency ofamplification of a role of the central bodies of authority among the subjectsof state economic regulation is appreciable more and more independent becomesthe executive bodies.

Interesting from the point of view of study of the mechanism of stateregulation of economy the merge of the subjects of state and private economicpolitics and occurrence is as a result of it of new regulating bodies which arenot entered theoretically in the classical circuit of parliamentary orpresidential republic. For example, the body from the representatives of unionsof the businessmen, trade unions and executive authority for regulation of thetariff agreements between the businessmen and workers are created. Thecommittees, advice on maintenance or development of separate branches from therepresentatives of the ministry of economy and branch unions of the businessmenare organised. Similar advice is created for realisation of the state regionalprograms. The basic part of such bodies formally carries out advisory activity,but actually decisive image influence state economic politics. Various adviceof the experts concerns to such bodies at government, ministries of economy,finance, social maintenance, their separate management, central bank,governments of state iron roads, mail and telegraph etc.

Other group of government-private regulation of economy is advice onspheres of activity, for example, scientific and technical, army-industrial, onregional politics, on internal waterways of the messages, on vocationaltraining. As against branch advice in them the representatives of the mostdifferent branches, banks, various funds, associations of the engineers, tradeunions, public movements enter alongside with the employees of governmentalbodies and experts. Their recommendations concern the basic orientation ofstate economic politics, its directions of an expenditure of means from thebudget and various funds.

It is the fourth communication line between carriers of economicinterests and state regulation of economy: carriers (in this case interestedfirms) – expressers (unions of the businessmen) – advice at state regulatingbodies. On this line there is an updating of interests of a private enterpriseto interest others social, professional, public (for example, ecological)groups.

There are numerous opportunities of influence of carriers and expressersof economic interests on state economic politics: through bodies of the massinformation, demonstration and manifestation, tax of the signatures,manipulation in courts — from local up to international, campaign of civildisobedience.

Feedback between state regulation of economy and carriers of economicinterests rather rigid.

First, the success of state regulation of economy is shown in rates ofgrowth, improvement of structure of economy, growth of employment, healthypayment balance, decrease of rates of inflation, increase of a vital level.

Secondly, the successes of state regulation of economy are reflected inparameters which are not always given in to exact quantitative measurement: ina level of social intensity (strike, demonstrations, various performances),estimation of state regulation of economy by mass media, condition of anenvironment, quality of life in cities.

Thirdly, carriers of economic interests aredirect and through the associations supported or do not support government. Theloss of trust of the voters and associations of economic interests to a rulingparty or parties is a main line of a feedback between state economic politicsand carriers of economic interests.

The bodies of state regulation of economy can not afford to find outreaction of carriers of economic interests to a general orientation andconcrete measures of state economic politics during choices, to wait, when thediscontent by an economic situation starts. The extreme forms (strike, flightof the capital). The operative information, whenever possible authenticforecasts the behaviour of the economic subjects is necessary to governmentalbodies in case of realisation of this or that measure of state regulation ofeconomy. For this purpose there is a fulfilled mechanism as biographicalinterrogations. Through a biographical method the efficiency of toolkit budget,a special way of regulation, influence of state purchases and orders,investments in public sector are investigated. This method has turned out to bethe working tool of state regulation of economy ensuring a feedback betweenregulating bodies and carriers of economic interests.

So, it was the ideal picture of dependence of state regulation of economyfrom economic interests, mechanism of this dependence and feedback. In reallife weight of rejections from model — is observed there is a struggle betweenseparate groups of interests for influence on bodies of regulation, a widecirculation has received these method, the facts of corruption in bodies ofstate economic politics in the various countries are known. But the mechanismof state regulation of economy functions all the same not on rejections, but byrules.

The objects of state regulation of economy are spheres, branches,regions, and also situations, phenomenon and condition of social economic lifeof the country, where have arisen or there can be difficulties, problems notpermitted automatically or permitted in a long-term future, while the removalof these problems urgently is necessary for normal functioning of economy andmaintenance of social stability.

The basic objects of state regulation of economy is:

·    Business cycle;

·    Sectors, branch and regional structure of a economy;

·    Conditions of accumulation of the capital;

·    Employment;

·    The money reference(manipulation);

·    Payment balance;

·    The prices

·    Research also is skilled — design works having by thepurpose development and realisation of scientific ideas;

·    Conditions of a competition;

·    The social attitudes(relations), including theattitudes(relation) between the employers and working on hiring, and alsosocial maintenance;

·    Preparation and retraining of the staff;

·    Environment;

·    Foreign economic relations.

Obviously, the transferred objects can carry completely variouscharacter, they cover macroeconomic processes — economic cycle, accumulation ofthe capital in scales of the country, separate branches, territorial complexesand even the relation between the subjects – the condition of a competition,the relations between trade unions and associations of the businessmen, betweenstate regulating bodies.

Let'sconsider major of them.

The essence of state anticyclic politics, or regulation of an economicconjuncture, is, that during crises and depressions should stimulate demand forthe goods and services, capital investments and employment. For this purposethe additional financial privileges are given to the private capital, the statecharges and investments are increased. In conditions of long and rough rise ina national economy there can be dangerous phenomena – using of commoditystocks, growth of import and deterioration of payment balance, excess of demandon a labour above the offer and from here unreasonable growth of wages andprices. In such situation, the task of state regulation of economy — to brakegrowth of demand, capital investments and manufacture whenever possible toreduce overproduction of the goods and less products of the capitals and, thus,to reduce depth and duration of possible recession of manufacture, investmentsand employment in the future.

The state regulation of economy in the field of branch and territorialstructure also is carried out through financial stimulus and state capitalinvestments, which provide privileged conditions to separate branches andregions. In one cases the support appears to branches and territorial unitswhich are taking place in a condition of long crisis; in others — thedevelopment of new branches and kinds of manufactures — carriers of scientificand technical progress called to result to progressive structural changesinside branches, between branches and in all a national economy as a whole. Theincrease of its efficiency and competitiveness is encouraged. At the same timecan be the stopping of excessive concentration of manufacture arranged on.

Major object of state economy regulation is the accumulation of thecapital. Manufacture, assignment and capitalisation of the profit always servean overall objective of economic activity in market economy, therefore stateeconomic politics of encouragement of accumulation first of all corresponds toeconomic interests to the subjects of an economy. Simultaneously stateregulation of accumulation is also used to serve also to other objects of stateeconomy regulation. Creating additional stimulus and opportunities in differenttime to all investors or their separate groups on branches and territories theregulating bodies influence a business cycle and structure.

The regulation of employment is maintenance normal from the point of viewof market economy of parity between a supply and demand of a labour. Parityshould satisfy requirement of economy for the qualified and disciplinedworkers, which wages serve for them a sufficient motivation to work. Howeverparity between a supply and demand should not conduct to excessive growth ofwages, which can be reflected negative in national competitiveness. The sharpdecrease of employment is undesirable also, it conducts to increase the army ofthe unemployed, decrease of consumer demanded, tax receipts, growth of thecharges on the grants and, most important, it is dangerous by social consequences.

Constant object of attention of state regulating bodies is moneymanipulation. The basic orientation of regulation of money manipulation — struggle with inflation representing serious danger to economy. The regulationof money manipulation influences and other objects — condition of accumulation,price, social relations.

The condition of payment balance is an objective parameter of economichealth of the country. In all countries with a market economy the stateconstantly carries out operative and strategic regulation of payment balance byinfluence on export and import, movement of the capital, increase and downturnof rates of national currencies, marketcontractual politics and participationin the international economic integration.

One more of the main objects of regulation — price. Changes and structureof the prices reflect a condition of economy. At the same time prices stronglyinfluence structure of economy, condition of capital investments, stability ofnational currency, social atmosphere.

The state regulating instances aspire to influence and other objects ofstate regulation of economy, for example, to interest private concerns indevelopment of scientific researches and introduction of their results, inexport of goods, capitals, both saved knowledge and experience are studied andthe laws on observance of rules of a competition, social protection, protectionof an environment are improved.

The objects of state economy regulation of differ depending on a level oftasks, solved by them. It is the following hierarchical levels: a level offirm; region; branches; sectors of economy (industry, agriculture, service);economy as a whole (economic cycle; the money manipulation; the prices); global(social relations, ecology); economic-political relations with foreigncountries, integration processes).

The general purpose of state regulation of economy is the economic andsocial stability and strengthening existing building inside the country andabroad, adaptation to its varied conditions.

From this generalpurpose the tree so-called of the concrete purposes is distributed, withoutwhich realisation the general purpose can not be achieved. These concrete purposesindissoluble are connected with objects of state regulation of economy. The purpose- alignment of a business cycle — is directed on the object, that is on abusiness cycle; improvement of an environment — on an environment etc.

It is obvious, that the purposes, first, uncommon on importance andscales and, secondly are in close interrelation. More often one purpose can notbe put and is achieved without dependence from others. For example, it isimpossible to present stimulation НИОКР without creation of favourableconditions of accumulation of the capital, without alignment of a conjuncture,perfection of branch structure of economy, stable money manipulation.

The listed purposes partially block each other, one can appear temporarilymore important and to subordinate to herself others depending on a realeconomic and social situation, level of comprehension of this situation by thesubjects of state regulation of economy and from established by governmentalbodies on the given interval of time of system of priorities of the purposes.Any of the above named purposes can serve, to promote or to interfere withachievement of other purpose. The concrete purposes inside a tree of thepurposes can be primary, secondary, tertiary etc. For example, in conditions ofcrisis the primary purpose becomes an exit from crisis in narrow concrete sense- revival of a conjuncture. All other purposes submit to it.

The means of state regulation are subdivided on administrative andeconomic.

The administrative means are not connected with creation of additionalmaterial stimulus or danger of financial damage. They are based on force ofstate authority and include measures of an interdiction, sanction andcompulsion.

For example, the French authorities have forbidden to build the newindustrial enterprises within the limits of Parisian agglomerations, and forachievement of this purpose they did not increase the taxes by the newenterprises, have not entered rude the penalties, which could be economic measures,and simply have stopped licensing for new industrial construction.

Or, the government of the Netherlands has solved to use former naval baseas passenger and trade port, by creating, thus, new sphere of the appendix ofthe capital. In result in area of port the economic activity has increased.

The administrative means of regulation in the advanced countries withmarket economy are used in insignificant scales. Their sphere of actionbasically is limited to protection of an environment and creation of theminimal household conditions rather poorly of socially protected layers of thepopulation. However in critical situations their role strongly grows, forexample, during war, emergency in economy. The most large-scale administrativeactions on regulation of economy in after War period of Japan were currencyreformed and made smaller of conducting concerns.

The economic means of state regulation are subdivided into means of moneycredit and budget politics.

The independent complex tool of state regulation of economy (andsimultaneously by its object) is the public sector in economy. The maximum formof state regulation of economy is a state economic programming covering thenumerous purposes and all tooling of state regulation of economy. About public sectorand economic programming the speech will go below.

Thebasic economic means are:

1)              Regulationof the registration rate (discount politics which is carried out by the centralbank);

2)              Establishmentand change of the sizes of the minimal reserves, which financial institutionsof the country are obliged to keep in the central bank;

3)              Operationof official bodies in the market of valuable papers, such as issue of the stateobligations, trade by them and repayment.

Through these tools the state aspires to change a parity of a supply anddemand in the financial market (market of the loan capitals) in a desirabledirection. In process of relative decrease of a role of the markets of the freecapitals in financing capital investments and especially in connection withreduction of a role of a share stock exchange and growth of self-maintenance ofthe large companies by financial assets the effectiveness of these tools in themost advanced countries has weakened a little.

The direct state economic regulation is carried out by means of budgetpolitics. The state budget is an annual plan of the state charges and sourcesof the incomes of their financial covering. The project of the budget annuallyis discussed and is accepted by a legislative body — parliament of the country,state or government by assembly. After the end of financial the year the proxyrepresentatives of the executive authority report about the activity onmobilisation of the incomes and realisation of the charges in conformity withaccepted in the previous year by the law on the budget.

The state budget always represents the compromise reflecting a parity offorces of the basic groups of carriers of various social economic interests.The charges of the state budget carry out functions of political, social andeconomic regulation.

The first place in the budget charges is occupied with social clauses:the special grants, education, public health services etc. In it the overallobjective of budget politics, as well as all state economic politics in general- stabilisation, strengthening and adaptation existing social economic buildingto varying conditions is shown. These charges are called to softendifferentiation of social groups, it is inevitable peculiar to market character.

In expenses for economic needs the budget grants to agriculture areusually allocated. Any state can not be interested in ruin the peasantry,farmers. And though in the external economic politics of government sometimestemporarily endow interests of the domestic manufacturers of the agrariangoods, supposing foreign agricultural production on a home market in reply toconcession of the trade partners, as a rule governments support average andlarge farmers land.

The charges on arms and material maintenance of external politics, andalso administrative charge influence demand for consumer goods and services.

To the tactical purposes of budget regulation the charges on an internalstate duty (for example, prescheduled repayment of a part of the debt), sizesof the charges on the credits both grants to the private and state enterprises,agriculture, on creation and perfection of objects of an infrastructure, onpurchase of arms and military construction serve.

The sizes of these charges essentially influence scales of demand andsize of the investments. During crises and depressions the charges of the statebudget on the economic purposes, as a rule, grow, and in time when of slowingconjuncture — are reduced.

The charges on crediting of export, insurance of the export credits andtaken out capital financed from the budget, stimulate export and in thelong-term plan improve payment balance, open for a national economy the newforeign markets, promote strengthening of national currency, maintenance ofdeliveries on a home market of the necessary goods because of a boundary. It isthe external economic aspect of politics of the budget charges.

The effectiveness of state regulation of economy with the help of thebudget charges depends, first, on the relative sizes of the spent sums;secondly, from structure of these charges; thirdly, from efficiency of use ofeach unit of spent means.

The main tools of mobilisation of financial assets for a covering of thestate charges are the taxes. They also are widely used for influence on activityof the subjects of economy. It is a special role of the taxes. But main role ofthe taxes — regulating. The state regulation through the taxes depends in adecisive degree on a choice of tax system, and also from kinds and sizes of taxprivileges.

The taxes in state regulation of economy play a double role: on the onehand, it is the main source of financing of the state charges, the materialbasis of budget politics, on the other hand, is the tool of regulation. A taskof state budget bodies — not simply to impose with the taxes those or othersources of receipt of means and to create the adjusted mechanism of influenceon economic behaviour of the legal and physical persons is thin. For thispurpose temporarily or selectively given tax discounts, delay of payment of thetaxes are used.

The special place among means of state regulation of economy which iscarried out through the taxes, plays accelerated amortisation of a fixedcapital and connected with it(him) formation(education) and realisation of thelatent reserves carried out within the framework of the sanctions of theministries of the finance.

Accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital in modern conditions is bythe main means of stimulation of accumulation, structural changes in economyand important tool of influence on an economic cycle — the employment. Essenceit in a separation of physical process amortisation of machines, equipment,buildings and structures from the production costs of carry of cost of materialcarriers of a fixed capital on the made goods and services. Changing the ratesand order amortisation, the state regulating bodies determine that part of theclean profit, which can be released from the taxes by inclusion in productioncosts and then is listed in amortisation fund for financing in the further newcapital investments.

At check of correctness of payment of the tax from the profit the taxinspectors agree with accounting of production costs or services only if theamortisation deductions were made in conformity with norms solved by theministry of the finance. The size of the balance profit, rate and size of thetax, and also paid dividends depends on it.

The variation of norms accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital iswidely used in all advanced countries as a means of state tactical andstructural politics, and also for stimulation of scientific researches andintroduction of their results, for financing nature protection of measures. Theeffect of a variation of norms of amortisation deductions is swept up within afavourable conjuncture, i.e. in the periods of slowing and crises theeffectiveness of amortisation politics weakens. The worse conjuncture, the moredifficult & is to realise profit, it is less than opportunities forself-financing, and the amortisation privileges given by the state, becomesless attractive stimulus for the private investments. The privileges onaccelerated amortisation are equivalent to reduction of receipts from the taxesfrom profits in the state budget. Result can be increase of other taxes orgrowth state duty.

The state capital investments are carried out substantially in publicsector of economy playing a major role in state regulation of economy. It issimultaneously object and tool of influence on a private enterprise.

The public sector represents a complex of economic objects, wholly orpartially belonging to the central and local state bodies. The public sectorexisted in many countries long before development of capitalism, includingmail, partially transport service, manufacturing of the weapon etc. On ameasure forming systems of state regulation of economy the state built,redeemed at the private proprietors economic objects, mainly in sphere of aninfrastructure, heavy industry, which functioning was always favourably and itis necessary for a national economy, but not always it is favourable from thepoint of view of the private capital.

In one country the public sector has arisen basically as a result ofnationalisation of a number of branches and enterprises (in France, Italy,Great Britain, Austria), in others the state built or got ruined economicobjects (in USA, Sweden, Japan). In the first group of the countries the shareof public sector in national riches is higher, than in second.

Significant parts of public sector are objects of an infrastructure, inthe majority unprofitable. Other part — the state enterprises in raw and powerbranches, where are required the large investments, and turnover of the capitalslow. Profitability of state-owned firms, as a rule, below, than private. Apart of public sector is packages of the actions of the mixed private-statecompanies.

The existence in conditions of a market economy of sectors, which in theactivity is guided by principles a little bit distinguished from principles ofprivate concerns, allows using public sector for the decision of nation-wideeconomic tasks, increasing money of a private enterprise.

The exclusive profit, and frequently and profit in general, is not theparamount purpose of activity of public sector in an infrastructure, power, rawbranches, НИОКР, in preparation and retraining of the staff, in the field ofprotection of an environment, as high profits nobody requires of these spheres,and the losses become covered from the budget. Therefore public sector has becomethe supplier of cheap services (in particular, transport, mail-telegraphic),electric power and raw material, reducing, thus, costs in private sector.

The public sector as a means of state regulation of economy is activelyused. So, in conditions of deterioration of a conjuncture, the depressions orcrisis, when the private capital investments are reduced, investment in publicsector, as a rule, grow. Thus, the governmental bodies aspire to counteractrecession of manufacture and growth of unemployment. The public sector plays anappreciable role in state structural politics. The state creates new objects orexpands and reconstructs old in those spheres of activity, branches or regions,where the private capital connected is not enough. So, the public sector playsa huge role in economy, preparation and retraining of the staff. Thestate-owned firms are engaged also in foreign trade, export of the capitalabroad, frequently acting by the pioneers in introduction of the nationalcapital in any country (for example, participation of the German concern “Volkswagen ”, federal taking place in property federal and ground governments,in motor industry of Czech).

In the whole public sector serves addition of a private enterprise thereand such measure, where and as far as the motivation for the private capitalappears insufficient. In result the public sector serves to increase ofefficiency of a national economy as a whole and is one of tools ofredistribution of a total internal product (the complete internal product is a cumulative cost of production of sphere ofmaterial manufacture and spheres of services, irrespective of a nationalaccessory of the enterprises located in territory of the given country).

The sizes of public sector, its share in national economy, change notonly as a result of new construction and purchase, but also as a consequence ofa privatisation — sale profitable, reconstructed objects of public sector tothe private capital. In 80-th and 90-th years this tendency appreciably hasamplified.

Alongside with the listed tools of state regulation of economy having internal economy the orientation, an arsenal of means of the externaleconomic regulation exists.

Practically all levers of influence on process of reproduction inside thecountry render essential influence on foreign economic relations: change of theregistration rate, taxation new privileges and grants on the investment in afixed capital etc.

Howeverthere are also special tools of direct influence on economic communicationswith abroad. It is, first of all, a measure of stimulation of export of goods,services, capitals, scientific and technical and administrative experience:crediting of export, warranting of the export credits and investments abroad,introduction or cancellation of quantitative restrictions, change of the dutyin foreign trade; measures on attraction or restriction of access of theforeign capital in a national economy, change of conditions of its functioning,qualitative selection (from the point of view of a branch orientation and technologicallevel) acting from abroad capital, attraction in the country of a foreign labour,participation in the international economic organisations, integration stateassociations.

The separate tools of state economic politics can be used in the variouspurposes, in various combinations and with different intensity. Depending oncharacter of the purposes the place of that or other tool in an arsenal ofmeans of state regulation of economy in the concrete period will vary.

The maximum form of state regulation of economy is the state economic programming.Its task — complex use in the global purposes of all elements of state regulationof economy.

In process of complication of tasks on regulation of economy ofgovernment of steel to formulate short-term, intermediate term and long-termtasks to determine the order of their decision and bodies responsible forperformance of these decisions, to allocate necessary means and to determinethe order of financing.

Objects of such target programs usually are the branches (in particular,agriculture); regions; social sphere (for example, social economic adaptationsettlers, maintenance by their work and habitation); various directions of scientificresearches.

The programs are usual and extreme. The usual intermediate term programsare made, as a rule, for five years with annual updating and prolongation forone year (sliding programming). The extreme programs are developed in criticalsituations, for example, in conditions of crisis, mass unemployment dangerousinflation; they, as a rule, short-term. In toolkits of their realisation theappreciable place is occupied with means of administrative regulation.

The level of development of state programming in the separate countriesis various. Practically in all countries of market economy the target programsare carried out. One of oldest — regional-power target program on developmentof pool of the river Tennessee in USA, program of development of nuclear powerin France, economic development of the south of Italy.

The national extreme programs on restoration of economy of Southern Koreaafter war, on structural reorganisation and privatisation of new grounds (EastGermany) after connection of GDR to Germany are known.

In a citadel of a market economy — USA — the national programming is notpresent, but widely target and extreme programs are applied. Obviously, thedistinctions in a degree of development of programming in the separatecountries depend on character and scales of tasks, which economic and socialsituation puts before the state.

The subjects of economic programming — official bodies responsible fordrawing up of the programs, their direct realisation and control above them.The programs are developed by a special state body (for example, Commissaries  onplanning in France), and if it is not present, by the ministries of economy andfinance or special ministry system. Thus the ministry of economy, as a rule,prepares the project of the program, formulates hierarchy of the purposes,terms and sequence of realisation of separate measures, names instances whichare bearing responsibility for performance.

The ministry of the finance develops the plan of financing of theprogram. The representatives of the central bank, unions of the businessmen,commercial and industrial chambers, trade unions are widely involved indevelopment of the programs, the various commissions and advice of the expertsare created.

The program and financial plan are annually (in connection with a slidingprinciple of prolongation) affirmed by parliament, also of time per one yearthe reports on their performance are heard.

The state economic programming has appeared rather effective at thedecision of a number of economic and social tasks, however this efficiency hasobjective borders. In conditions of market economy the programming can be onlyindicative, that is to carry target-stimulating character. Nevertheless, it hasappeared a rather effective means of the decision of tasks of a differentlevel; if the state programs frequently also were not realised completely, allof them — provided social economic development in a desirable direction. Thatcircumstance is not less important also, that the programming allows systematicallyusing all means of state regulation of economy, to avoid discrepancy and inconsistencyof regulating measures of separate official bodies.

State financial stimulation, orders and the purchases within theframework of the economic programs render appreciable and non-uniform influenceon competitiveness of the separate companies, situation of branches, regions,of social groups and cause resistance what interests have appeared restrained.On state programming systems therefore constantly there is a versatileinfluence reflecting inconsistent interests of separate groups, public forces,political groups.

Let's consider the mechanism of state regulation on anexample of politics of the prices.

Contrary to widespread at many to opinion, that in the countries ofmarket economy money appearing occurs spontaneously, actually prices are objectof constant attention and regulation on the part of the state. The prices areone of critical points economic and social — political life, where the groupinterests of the manufacturers and consumers, wholesale and retail dealers,trade unions and unions of the businessmen, exporters and importers collide.The prices mention interests everyone and, naturally, around of them there is astruggle in parties and parliaments, in government and on negotiation of thesocial partners, at the international meetings.

The influence on the prices serves to the global purposes of stateregulation of economy, purposes of tactical and structural politics, strugglewith inflation, amplification of national competitiveness in the world marketsand mitigation of social intensity. The influence of state economic politics onother objects of regulation, in turn, is reflected in processes of formation ofthe prices.

The concrete actions in the field of the prices can have short-term or eventhe emergency purposes, which can in the given concrete moment not coincidewith other purposes, but at the end they always serve of the general purpose ofstate regulation — optimisation of rates both proportions of economicdevelopment and stabilisation of social system

The classical political economy examined the prices, freely developing inthe market, as the main element of the mechanism of maintenance of balancebetween a supply and demand. However actually there was never of ideal generaland complete freedom money appearing. All question in a degree and forms ofrestriction of free game of the prices. Even if to abstract from opportunitiesof arrangement of the manufacturers and sellers, during all history ofcapitalism it is possible to look after influence of the state on the prices.

The tariffs for services of state iron roads, mail, telegraph, sale ofthe foodstuffs from state stocks per poor harvest years, customs politics andindirect taxation essential image influencing on the internal price, — here thenot complete list of measures of state price control for last 100 — 150 years.

The first world war which has begun after it depression and crisis, haveserved as the moment of changes in a history of state price control. K. Mullerwrote in this occasion, that the political and economic shocks in the state andsociety have caused comprehension that in interests of the best functioning ofa economy, more uniform distribution and avoidance of danger of revolutionaryrevolution it would be expedient, that the state has undertaken care ofregulation of economic process and maintenance of the fair prices.

Attempts to adjust the prices in conditions of inflation and crisis bythe foreign trade politics have appeared insolvent. To the middle of the 30-thyears in many advanced countries with market economy the laws giving to thestate powers on influence on the prices, down to their freezing were accepted,and the state measures on influence on the prices become a component of stateregulation of economy.

The state measures on price control can carry legislative, administrativeand judicial character. The laws, accepted by parliaments, create a legal basisof the relations between the economic subjects, and also between them and statein sphere money appearing. The complex of these laws represents the price rightentering by a component into civil law. On the basis of this right theauthorised state bodies carry out administrative activity on price control. Incase of infringement of the laws guilty can be involved in the judicialresponsibility.

Party fractions independent deputies bring in the administration bills ofthe prices, as well as on other economic questions, to parliaments orgovernment, is direct measures on price control carry out the ministries ofeconomy, finance and central bank. In a number of the countries there areministries of trade, agriculture. They also render influence on moneyappearing. In many countries at the end of 60 — in the 70-th years ministryadvice under the prices was created, they have is observant — consultativefunctions.

In each country at government or its separate bodies there are expertcommittees, where the known experts, and advice, in which they meeting therepresentatives of trade unions, unions of the peasants, dealers, businessmenand representatives of state bodies enter; the committees are called to advisestate bodies on the prices and to express the opinion concerning the priceadministration bills.

Let's consider state price control in a historical and logic sequence.

The supervision over the prices is the primary form of state activity inthis area. The business not only that from it began state price control; nowsupervision over the prices forms the basis, on which all state actions in thisarea are based. In supervision over the prices the central statisticalmanagements are engaged. The independent researches of movement of the pricesfrequently will carry out the research centres of trade unions specialcommissions under orders of a management of parties, international organisations.

Overall objective of supervision behind the prices on the part of statebodies and social partners — change of growth of cost of life for definition ofan index of annual nominal increase of wages and pensions, and also for finding- out of influence of a rise in prices on production costs and nationalcompetitiveness. The state can affect the prices, entering or cancellingquantitative and customs restrictions in foreign trade, entering in integrationunions, changing the registration rate, varying the taxes, carrying out acurrency issue etc. The indirect influence on the prices is rendered, inessence, by(with) all state regulating actions(shares), with what the purposesthey did not serve.

The state intervention in process money appearing is carried out by theoverestimate, authorised by governmental bodies, of production costs throughinclusion in the cost price overestimated amortisation and deductions in otherfunds. As a result of it in the whole branches there is a situation, when “ thecosts prop up the price ”, i.e. settlement (instead of valid) the productioncosts appear at all enterprises of branch as a result of the privileges,announced by government, are so high, that the increase of the prices becomesitself by the understood phenomenon, and as the privileges are distributed toall branch, internal branches the competition in conditions of a favourableconjuncture can not be a sufficient obstacle for a rise in prices.

Direct state intervention in process money appearing is the statepolitics of an establishment of the prices on the so-called excise goods.

The direct influence on formation of the prices is rendered with thestate grants. One of kinds of such grants — price — provides decrease of theprices by special surcharges to the manufacturer or consumer.

The direct influence on the prices and leadership in the prices has aplace in branches, where the share of the state in consumption of the goods andservices is significant, for example, in military industries, in a numberdown-branches of construction. The governmental bodies, being by the constantbuyers or customers of the certain kinds of the goods and services at privateconcerns, establish under the arrangement with the partners “ the concreteprices ”, which become then base prices for branch.

Effective means of price control is the tax to additional cost. The manufacturersinclude this tax in the price of the goods or service, and difference of changeof the rates of this tax directly influences the prices.

The special direction of state economic politics is the state influenceon the foreign trade prices. State encouragement of export, clearing of theexporters of the taxes (return of the taxes), and in some countries — theexport grants, granting of the soft loans and transport tariffs by an essentialimage are reflected in conditions of a price competition in the world market.

Establishment of the prices on mineral raw material extracted in statemines, on the electric power from state power stations and railway,mail-telegraphic tariffs — example of fixing of the prices on the goods andservices state sector.

These is artificial undercharges and the tariffs promote decrease ofproduction costs in a private enterprise and increase of nationalcompetitiveness for the account is artificial of the lowered profitability or deficiency of these objects of a state ownership.

Fixing of the prices or establishment of limits of their increase inpublic sector — typical means of administrative economic regulation. It is seldomapplied and, as a rule, in conditions of a market economy is inefficient inlong-term and even intermediate term aspect. It is used more often in exclusivecases as a means of easing of social intensity.

National bodies carry out the control above the prices for the certainkinds of the goods.

Examples can serve an establishment of the prices on coal and blackmetals by the European association of steel, annual establishment ofprocurement prices on agricultural products in the European union, participationof the countries in the international conferences, organisations on separatekinds of the goods, tariffs for an airline traffic.

One of the difficulties of the questions of economic politics is themanagement of inflation. In the world there are not enough of countries, wherein second half 20 centuries there was no inflation. Though it has come onchange of former illness of market economy, which has become obviously toweaken, — cyclic crises.

The inflation is a depreciation of money, decrease of their buying power.Usually inflation has in the basis not one, and some interconnected reasons,and are shown it not only in increase of the prices — alongside with open, byprice inflation has a place latent, or suppressed, inflation shown first of allin deficiency, deterioration of quality of the goods. In literal translationwith the Latin inflation means “swelling”, i.e. overflow of channels of themanipulation by the superfluous paper money which has been not supplied withthe appropriate growth of commodity weight.

The reasons of inflation are diverse. Usually in a basis of inflation thediscrepancy of money demand and commodity weight — demand for the goods laysand services exceeds the sizes goods turnover, that creates conditions that themanufacturers and suppliers lifted the prices irrespective of a level of costs.A disproportion between a supply and demand, excess of the incomes above theconsumer charges can be deviated by deficiency budjet (charges of the stateexceed the incomes); by excessive investment (volume of the investments exceedsopportunities of economy); by outstripping growth of wages in comparison withgrowth of manufacture and increase of productivity of work; by an anyestablishment of state-set prices causing skews in size and structure of demand;by other factors.

Let's refer as an example to a sharp aggravation of deficiency statebudjet in Russia in the second half of 80-th years (1985-1989 years — breakbetween profitable and account parts of the state budget has grown, with 18 upto 120 billion rub., or from 3,5 % up to 19 % to the national incomeof the country). The increased deficiency has put huge harm to the moneymanipulation, has urged on inflation. The unjustified money payments sharplyhave worsened a situation in the consumer market.

The reasons of occurrence of inflation can be both internal, andexternal. To the external reasons concern, in particular, reduction of receiptsfrom foreign trade, negative results of the foreign trade and payment balances.The inflationary process in Russia strengthened fall of the prices in theglobal market on fuel and colour metals making important clause of our export,and also adverse conjuncture in the grain market in conditions of significantimport grain. In Hungary, which economy in the greater measure depends on acondition of foreign economic relations, just the external factor (deteriorationof conditions of international trade, increase of the external debt) played ahardly probable not determining role in amplification inflationary processes.Thus the politics of escalating of export and restraint of import reducedgrowth internal, wholesale and consumer costs.

The inflationary rise in prices alongside with the marked factors iscaused by the deeper reasons having basic character. Let's consider on anexample of Russia.

First, as a rule, one of sources of inflationary processes thedeformation of economic structure expressing in essential backlog of branchesof consumer sector at obvious super-changed development of branches of heavyindustry serves and is especial of military mechanical engineering.

Secondly, inability to overcome inflation is deviated by lacks of aneconomic mechanism. In conditions of the centralised economy practically therewas no feedback, there were no effective economic levers, which were capable toadjust a parity between money and commodity weight; as to administrativeterminators, they “worked” insufficiently effectively. In system of financialplanning state plan played a determining role, instead of Ministry of financeand not the State Bank, which “worked” under it, supporting the scheduled tasksfinancial and money resources without any restrictions.

Becoming traditional the politics of high rates of economic developmentignored real resource opportunities. To support rates, the capital investmentswere constantly increased. In result the growth of consumption restrained; theefficiency of capital investments fell that negatively had an effect foreconomic growth and current manufacture. The means for new technology did notsuffice, and continuous growing of fund of accumulation did not give desirableresult. A problem died any more in amount of a capital investment, and in theirefficiency, structure to reconstruct which economic mechanism prevented.

The contradiction and deficiencies deleted there are more means, and thefinancial and budget terminators were very weak or practically were absent.Unbalanced took place not only in the consumer market. Its basis — increasingdisproportion in the manufacture, strengthening financially — financial not ofbalance, defects in system of planning, in the mechanism of the moneymanipulation, in absence of antiinflationary regulation.

Examining the reasonsof inflation, the economists will carry out distinction between two its kinds — “ by inflation of the buyers “ (inflation of demand) and “ by inflation of thesellers “ (inflation of costs). In effect, it is two, as a rule,interconnected, but unequivalent reasons of inflation: one lays on the part ofdemand (surplus of money resources at the buyers), another — on the part of theoffer (growth of industrial costs).

Depending oncharacter of inflation and rates of increase of inflationary processesdistinguish the following types of inflation:

1) Slow inflation,for which the rather low rates of a rise in prices, approximately up to ten orseveral percents per one year are characteristic. Such inflation is inherent inthe majority of the countries with the advanced market economy, and it is notrepresented by something unusual. The average level of inflation on thecountries of the European community has made for last years about 3 — 3,5%.

2) Galloping inflation is difficult in ruling.
The rate of its growth is expressed usually in two-place figures. Such highrates in the 80-th years were observed, for example, in many countries of LatinAmerica, some countries of Southern Asia. The galloping rise in prices showsitself unequally and has not the strictly designated quantitative parameters.The inflationary processes depend on a level of development of the country,social economic structure unsimilar regulation of price processes. In theperiod after war — the period of capitalism has gone through two large waves ofinflation: at transition from military economy of a market type (1945-1952) andunder influence “ of petroleum shocks ”, is sharp shocked all structure of theworld and internal prices (1974-1981). But it was possible to western countriesto stop inflationary processes, using various methods of antiinflationary regulation.For the small countries, for example of Sweden, it was important to avoidimported inflation, for what the increase of the prices of national currencywas used. Other countries resorted to methods of restraint of inflation bymeans of money-credit politics.

3) The greatest danger representssuper-inflation. Its conditional boundary — monthly (within three-four months)rise in prices more than 50%, and annual will be expressed four numbers infigures. The feature super-inflation that it appears practically unguided; theusual functional interrelations and habitual levers of management of the pricesdo not work. On complete power the printed machine tool works, the gamble developsmad. Manufacture will be disorganised. To stop or to brake super-inflation itis necessary to resort to extreme measures. But there is no unequivocalrepresentation about that, how to struggle with super-inflation. The ratherinconsistent recipes are assumed various, quite often.

To outstrip inevitable, increase,expected by all, of the prices, the owners of “hot” money aspire as soon aspossible gets rid of them. In result is developed great demand; those goods arebought up first of all which can serve a means of partial preservation of thesavings (real estate, subjects of art, precious metals). The people work underpressure “inflationary crisis ”, and it grow a rise in prices, and theinflation begins to feed itself.

Classical example super-inflation- conditions which has been usual in Germany and a number of other countriesafter the First World War. In Germany in 1923 the level of a rise in prices wasestimated 10 numbers and 12 numbers by numbers; the wages should be spentimmediately, for within day of the price on products raised repeatedly.

The process ofinflation is inconsistent. On the one hand, the money profits are increased,the capital investments extend, and with another — the rise in prices conductsto depreciation of the unused capital. Win not everything, and, first of allstrong firms having the modern equipment, perfect organisation of manufacture.In the best rule(situation) there are social groups living on the not fixedincomes, if their nominal incomes will grow by rate overtaking a rise inprices.

From inflation thepeople who take money on credit can win, if not is stipulated, that percent forthe credit should take into account an inflationary rise in prices.

But whichever therewere positive functions of inflation, leaving from under the control and evenremaining rather weak, adjusted, the inflation renders on a course of economicdevelopment the whole complex especially of negative phenomena.

To negativeconsequences of inflationary processes concern:

— Decrease of thereal incomes of the population;

— Depreciation of thesavings of the population (the increase of percents on the contributions, as arule, does not compensate fall of the real sizes of the savings);

— The loss at themanufacturers of interest in creation of the qualitative goods (is increasedrelease of the goods of poor quality, manufacture of the rather cheap goods) isreduced;

— Restriction of saleof agricultural products in city by the rural manufacturers by virtue of fallof interest, in expectation of increase of the prices on the foodstuffs;

— Deterioration ofconditions of life mainly at the representatives of social groups with the firmincomes (pensioners serving, students, which incomes are formed for the accountstate budget);

— Easing positions ofimperious structures (is reduced trust to the programs and measures planned andcarried out government).

The management of inflationrepresents a major problem money-credit and in the whole economic politics. Theways of management are ambiguous, are inconsistent on the consequences. Therange of parameters for realisation of such politics can be rather narrow: onthe one hand, it is required to constrain growth of an inflationary spiral, andwith another — to support stimulus of manufacture to create conditions forsaturation of the market by the goods.

The management ofinflation assumes use of the complex measures assisting in a certain measure tocombine an insignificant rise in prices with stabilisation of the incomes. Thetools of management of process differ depending on character and rate ofinflation, features of economic conditions, specificity of an economicmechanism of the different countries.

For antiinflationaryregulation two are used such as economic politics:

1) Politics directedon reduction of budget deficiency, restriction of credit expansion, restraintof money issue. In conformity with material the recipes apply targets — regulation of rate of a gain of money weight in the certain limits — accordingto rate of growth of a total national product

2) Politics of price control andincomes having by the purpose to co-ordinate growth of earnings with a rise inprices. One of means serves index of the incomes determined by a level of aminimum conditions of life or a standard consumer basket and connected withdynamics of an index of the prices. For restraint of the undesirable phenomenathe limits of increase or freezing of wages can be established, to be limiteddistribution of the credits etc.

The influence oninflationary process in conditions of a sharp rise in prices requires specialmeasures. So, for elimination of consequences “ of a petroleum shock ”, struckon economy of USA in second half of 70-th years, the registration rates wereincreased, the requirements to the sizes of reserve funds are amplified, thesystem of the taxation is stipulated. To lower rates of an inflationary rise inprices it was possible not at once: from 13-14 of % in 1979 they have decreasedto 4 % after about three years — in 1982.

As the experiencetestifies, to stop inflation with the help of one organisational measuresrather difficulty if not to tell it is impossible. The structural reformdirected on overcoming of disproportion’s, that has arisen in economy isnecessary for this purpose.

The concrete methods of restraintof inflation, “dose” and sequence of application of means, attracted fortreatment, depend on statement of the correct diagnosis. To put the diagnosis — means, to determine character of inflation, to allocate the factors, basic andconnected to them, which makes the growth of inflationary processes. In thiscase it is not necessary to expect for any ready circuits, and series ofextreme measures to finish with inflation. Each inflation is specific andassumes application of such recipes, which correspond to character and depth of“disease”.

Constant consequencein particular of inflationary process is the unemployment. By virtue ofimportance of this problem the state accepts the special measures for regulationof the market of work.

The market of work  -important sphere economic and social — political life of a society. In themarket of work labour receives an estimation cost, the conditions of its employment,including size of wages, working conditions, opportunity of reception of education,professional growth, guarantee of employment etc are defined. The market ofwork reflects the basic tendencies in changes of employment, its(her) basicstructures (branch, vocational, demographic), i.e. in a public division oflabour, mobility of a labour, scales and changes of unemployment.

The unemployment is asocial economic phenomenon, at which the part of a labour (economically ofactive population) is not engaged in manufacture of the goods and services. Theunemployed alongside with engaged form a labour of the country. In realeconomic life the unemployment acts as excess of a labour above demand forit(her). To the unemployed, according to statistics of many advanced countries,the persons who have been not engaged on the moment of realisation ofinterrogation about the status of their employment, undertaking attemptsconcern to find work within the previous four weeks and registered on labourexchange.

Heavy for thecountries of West were 30 years of our century. In USA the rate of unemploymenthas reached 25%. The diagram showing the dynamics of a rate of unemployment inUSA for 100 years is rather curious (1890-1990).

If the share of theunemployed makes 1-3 % in general army of work, not it is accepted to countemployment insignificant. Especially dangerous in social sense not employment(absence of work within 40 weeks and more) is long chronic.

It is important toemphasise, that to the unemployed usually carry not only dismissed on thevarious reasons, but also persons voluntary left works and undertaking attemptto find new. The structure of unemployment for its reasons includes four basiccategories of a labour:

1) Lost work as aresult of dismissal;

2) Voluntary leftwork;

3) Come on the marketof work after a break;

4) For the first timecome on the market of work.

The parity of thesecategories depends, first of all, on a phase of a business cycle.

The monthly averagerate of unemployment within the given year pays off under the formula:

                                UE*100 of %

                      Lue = ------------------

                                LFc,

Where Lue — level(norm) of unemployment, %; UE — monthly average number of the unemployed; LFc — number of a civil labour.

There are some concepts treating aphenomenon of unemployment. In Mark’s of the theory it usually connect toprocess of accumulation of the capital, at which the requirement for alive work(variable capital) is increased slower, than in machines, equipment (constantcapital). In western economic science the point of view dominates, according towhich the unemployment in the basis reflects an economic feasibility of use ofresources, just as, say degree of loading of capacities reflects expediency andefficiency of use of a fixed capital. A so-called natural rate of unemploymentreflecting structural disproportion in the market of work (between structure ofa supply and demand of a labour on qualification, by demographic and othercriteria). To natural unemployment carry also so-called friction unemploymentconnected mainly to voluntary transition of the workers from one work onanother and to seasonal fluctuations in demand for a labour.

In USA in the 60-thyears as a natural rate of unemployment the parameter in 4,3 %, in 70-th — already 6,6 %, in 80-th — about 7% was considered. The excess of unemploymentabove a natural level is determined in the basic cyclic factor, i.e. conditionof a conjuncture in the country.

 Changes ofunemployment is influenced, besides demographic factors, with changes instructure of economy, condition of foreign trade and export of the capital,scales of the military charges, economic and social politics of the state.

Owing to variety ofinternal regulators of the market of a labour, and also by virtue of socialimportance of its effective functioning the market of work requires the qualifiedregulation.

It is possible toallocate four basic directions of state regulation of the market of work.First, it is the programs on stimulation of growth of employment and increaseof number of workplaces in public sector, secondly, programs directed onpreparation and retraining of a labour, and, thirdly, program of assistance tohiring of a labour. Besides the government accepts the programs on socialinsurance of unemployment, i.e. allocates means for the grants with theunemployed.

Within the framework of thisprogram in USA, for example, in after war period — hundred thousand workplacesin public sector (in sphere of public services — education, health services,municipal services, and also in construction of public buildings and structuresand in remaking works) were created. With the help of these programs the rateof unemployment at the end of the 70-th years was artificial is underestimatedon 0,8 percentage items.

The more and moreimportant meaning gets state assistance to hiring. So, service of giving jobsin USA having more of 2500 local agencies (labour exchanges), is engaged inregistration of the unemployed, tries to find by it vacancies, will carry outtesting the applicants for work for definition of their qualification.

The listed directions do notsettle all measures of influence of the state on the market of work. Alongsidewith them there is a complex of measures of indirect regulation of a labour:tax, money-credit and amortisation politics of government. Besides the considerableinfluence on the market of work renders also legislation — about social maintenance,about the labour relations, about the equal civil rights etc.

The measures ofindirect regulation of the market of a labour simultaneously are also measureseconomic of regulation and influence a conjuncture in the country.

The special place insystem of regulation of the market of work is occupied with labour exchange(service of employment, service to assistance to hiring), being one of theimportant structures of a market economic mechanism. It represents special establishment,which is carrying out intermediary functions in the market of a labour. In themajority of the countries of labour exchange are state and carry out theactivity under the direction of the ministry of work or body, similar toit(him). At the same time in the market of work alongside with state servicesof employment the large number of private intermediate firms functions, theefficiency of which activity is very high.

The basic directionsof activity of labour exchanges are:

1) Registration ofthe unemployed;

2) Registration ofvacant places;

3) Giving jobs to theunemployed and other persons wishing to get a job;

4) Study of aconjuncture of the market of work and granting of the information aboutit(her);

5) Testing thepersons wishing to offer work;

6) Professionalorientation and professional retraining of the unemployed;

7) Payment of thegrants.

The majority of theeconomists believe, that the problem of unemployment and other disproportion inthe market of work can be softened only with the help of a combination ofvarious means — stimulation of economic growth, reduction of working week,creation of an effective system of retraining of the staff.

Thus, the modernstate regulation of the market of work represents a complex of economic,administrative, organisational and other measures.

The existing nowadayssystem of state regulation of economy has developed not at once. During thedevelopment it has passed some stages:

1) Creation ofgeneral favourable conditions for reproduction of the private capital; a concentrationof efforts of the state on development of the labour, tax, trade, sociallegislation, customs politics, on maintenance of stability of money.Construction and purchase of objects in raw and infrastuctural branches.

2) The unmatchedamong them actions of an anticrisis and structural orientation, attempt toinfluence employment and prices.

3) Experiments with use ofmoney-credit and budget means of regulation of economy. A wave of aprivatisation of objects of a state ownership.

4) Transition in anumber of the countries to branch and regional intermediate term programming;attempts to increase effectiveness of state regulation of economy by study ofcompatibility and interchangeability of tools of regulation, definition oftheir efficiency.

5) Realisation in theincreasing number of the advanced countries of nation-wide intermediate termprogramming in a combination to development long-term perspective ways. Moreand more address, dosing and complex use of tools of regulation.

6) Measure as agreed ofnation-wide intermediate term programs at an interstate level in frameworkintegration of associations; steps in a direction national of planning.

On scales, the toolsand efficiency of state regulation of economy decisive influence rendered tasksrising before economy of the separate countries, material opportunities of thestates reflected in a share to them of a total internal product and in the absolutesizes of means, which it is ready to use on state regulation of economy accruedexperience and successes in scientific development of problems of stateeconomic politics in conditions of a market economy.

The mechanism ofstate regulation of economy is constantly improved, irrespective of, thegovernments on principles of economic politics are guided or are inclined touse more rigid budget tools of regulation. In modern conditions the practice ofstate regulation of economy has appeared rather productive to not admit general crises and social — dangerous of scales of unemployment.

The literature.

1) Economy. Thetextbook for economic academies, high schools and faculties. Under edition ofthe candidate of economic sciences, senior lecturer of AMPERE-SECOND. Bulatova.Publishing house. Moscow 1995.

2) Macroeconomic. The manual. M.K.Bunkina,V.A. Semenov. Publishing house “  Moscow 1995.

3) Social market economy. TheGerman way. Chaints Lampert. Publishing house “Business”. Moscow 1994.

4) Market economy.The textbook. Volume 1, part 1. Publishing house “Somintek”. Moscow 1992.